World War and Cold War Questions

Identify and Explain:

The Enabling Act
The New Economic Policy
Kulaks

Highlight for answers:

This gave Hitler dictatorial power. He used the Reichstag Fire to blame the communists and seek total power. This would cause the creation of a fascist country with indoctrination and complete economic control.

Lenin’s policy that said foreign capitalists could come to the Soviet Union. It created anger with the hard-line communists and helped Stalin come to power.

These were the peasants that did not support collectivization because they were wealthier than other peasants. It came to mean anyone who disobeyed or rebelled against Stalin’s power. Sta-lin had them purged. Other communists also supported his views because they viewed the Ku-laks as dangerous and threatening.

What was the Brezhnev doctrine, and how and where was it applied in 1968?

What was de Gaulle’s response to the French student’s strike in 1968? What effect did the strike have on the political establishment under de Gaulle?

Highlight for answers

It was applied in Czechoslovakia when the Czechoslovaks were trying to rebel. Brezhnev de-clared that the Soviet Union has the right to support other Communist regimes that are threat-ened. It was part of re-Stalinization that Khrushchev had dismissed in his de-Stalinization. The Soviets moved tanks and soldiers into Prague.

He sympathized with the students and provided education reform so that more students could be educated. The strike liberalized de Gaulle’s government, as it eventually grew to encompass the workers. De Gaulle realized that he had to provide reforms so that the French Fifth Republic could continue. Eventually he had the military restore order.

Romantic Music and Literature

Early Romantics
Ludwig Van Beethoven's 6th & 9th Symphonies
Franz Schubert's Unfinished Symphony, Ave Maria
Hector Berlioz's Symphony Fantasique
Romantics
Johannes Brahms' Hungarian Dance #5, Symphony# 1,2,3,4, Piano Concerto #1,2
Franz Lizst 's Hungarian Rhapsody, Les Preludes
Richard Wagner's The Ride o/the Valkyries, Liebestod
Frederic Chopin's - piano music
Johann Strauss' Blue Danube Waltz
Felix Mendelsohn's Midsummer Night's Dream
Robert Schumann
Impressionists
Maurice Ravel's Bolero
Claude Debussy's Clair de Lune, La Mer
Erik Satie
Opera
Gioacchino Rossini's The Barber o/Seville, William Tell
Richard Wagner's The Nibelungen Cycle, Tannhauser
Bizet's Carmen
Offenbach's Tales of Hoffmann
Giovanni Verdi' s Aida, Rigoletto
Giacomo Puccini's Madame Butterfly, La Boheme
Eastern Europeans
Peter Tchaikovsky (Russian)The Nutcracker,Swan Lake, The 1812 Overture,l st Piano Concerto
Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov (Russian) Schererzade
Modest Mussorgsky (Russian) Pictures at an Exhibition
Borodin (Russian)
Bedrich Smetana (Czech) The Moldau
Anton Dvorak (Czech) New World Symphony
Jean Sibelius (Finnish)
Edvard Grieg (Norwegian) Peer Gynt
Post-Romantic
Richard Strauss Also Sprach Zarathustra
Gustav Mahler - Symphonies
Neo-Romantic
Serge Rachmaninov -2nd Piano Concerto
p
List of Romantic and Victorian Literature
Poets
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
Frederich Schiller Ode to Joy
Percy Shelley
Lord Byron
Lord Tennyson's The Charge of the Light Brigade
John Keats
Christina Rossetti
Elizabeth Browning
Aleksander Pushkin
Escapists
W al ter Scott's Ivanhoe
Nationalists
The Brothers Grimm
Realists and Social critics
Charles Dicken's Great Expectations, A Tale a/Two Cities, David Copperfield, Oliver Twist,
Pickwick Papers
Victor Hugo's The Hunchback 0/ Notre Dame, Les Miserables
EmileZola
Honore de Balzac
Feminists
Henrik Ibsen's A Doll's House, Hedda Gabler
Gustav Flaubert 's Madame Bovary
Female authors
Jane Austin's Pride and Prejudice, Sense and Sensibility
Mary Shelley's "Frankenstein
George Eliot's Silas Marner
George Sand
Edith Wharton's Age of Innocence
Charlotte Bronte's Jane Eyre
Emily Bronte's Wuthering Heights
Russians
Leo Tolstoy's War and Peace ,Anna Karenina
Fyodor Dostoevski's Crime and Punishment, The Idiot, The Brothers Karamasov
Anton Chekov's The Cherry Orchard, The Seagull
Nikolai Gogol's The Overcoat, Taras Bulba
Turgenev's Fathers and Sons
Other
Edmond Rostand's Cyrano de Bergerac
Thomas Hardy's Far from the Madding Crowds, Return a/the Native, Jude the Obscure,
Tess a/the D' Urberville
Oscar Wilde's The Importance a/Being Earnest ,The Picture a/Dorian Gray
Bram Stoker's Dracula

Pride and Prejudice Notes

Elizabeth: independent -> social commentary on upper class -> customary, traditional, obsolete -> merit and sense

Darcy-Bingley
Jane-Elizabeth
Gardiners-Bennets

Climax is Elizabeth’s reaction to Darcy’s proposal

Collins thinks he is a burden all the time

Bingley arrives
Meryton dance, Darcy doesn’t dance
Lucas dance, Elizabeth refuses to dance with Darcy
Jane gets sick, Elizabeth visits her
Mr. Collins comes, proposes to Elizabeth
Elizabeth denies Mr. Collins
Elizabeth meets Wickham

Society
Society’s expectations – class, behavior
Stereotypes: based on individuals, family reputation, proper upbringing – music, “Being out”

Elizabeth more realistic about Mr. Bennet
-critiques his parenting + Lydia going to Brighton
-foil -> greater significance

Beowulf Notes

Themes – good vs. evil
Apposite – describe a noun, usually begins with a, an, the.
Kenning – two word metaphor
Caesura – break in middle of line

One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich Notes

3rd and 1st narration
-omniscient
-detached style
-facts (can be changed)
-limited emotions
-protection from government (Solzhenitsyn)

Kolkhoz-collective farm, zev-prisoner

Shukhov: doesn’t accept bribes, not lazy, ideal Soviet worker, survival, dignified, integrity, opti-mistic

Shukhov tries to gain favor from Tsezar by standing in line. Guards inspect parcels, take a lot of it, empty containers. Parcels similar to letters by both being censored.

Camp’s situation -> Shukhov’s perspective + appreciate/value ordinary

Alyosha more dangerous because of his faith

Comparison of Carpe Diem Poets

Andrew Marvell: urges love to marry him, religious allusions, matter of fact tone, hyperbole
Robert Herrick: nature metaphors, hopeful tone, personification, organized in fourths
John Suckling: girls only sometimes for guys, rhetorical questions, repetition, angry tone, ironic, puts the blame on the girl not the guy
Between Marvell and Herrick: against coyness, conceits
Between Suckling and Marvell: organized into thirds, structures arguments clearly into a cause-effect argument
All: carpe diem, rhyme, marriage

Compare and Contrast of John Donne and Ben Jonson's Poetry

John Donne: spiritual, serious, more use of conceits, subtle arguments, metaphors and vague phrasing, higher level vocabulary, more paradoxical, deeper poetry, longer poems, writes sometimes in prose, indifferent toward life and death

Ben Jonson: materialistic, not as serious, strove for the perfection and harmony he found in his classical authors, clarity and graceful, elegiac, more succinct, more quotable, lighter poetry, shorter poems

Together: metaphysical, women subjects, rhyme, symbolic, epigrammatic, modernists, repetition

A Room of One's Own Outline

In A Room of One’s Own, Virginia Woolf provides evidence to show how money, and the lack of it, restricts women and their potentials, just as money, and the lack of it, suppresses the capa-bilities of immigrants to the United States.

I will show this by describing women’s conditions from a feminist and Marxist viewpoint, and relate these issues to the plight of the immigrants.

The inadequate dinner of the scholars from the women’s college of Fernham prevents them from having meaningful conversations.

Fernham is on the verge of economic collapse while the men’s colleges have many donations.

They would be no Mary Seton if her mother would have sought money.

Law and custom prevent women from owning property, undoubtedly from lack of money.

Money was more important than the right to vote because it produces tangible results instantly.

The narrator no longer has to work jobs anymore to support herself now that she has financial security.

Women jobs, like raising children, are not deemed as important as men jobs, like coal mining, so men receive more money.

Women are financially bound to their husbands.

“Intellectual freedom depends on material things. Poetry depends upon intellectual freedom. And women have always been poor, not for two hundred years merely, but from the beginning of time.” That is why women write novels.

Gaining a room of one’s own can simply mean to close a door and lock it, but gaining money (500 pounds) is hard work.

Stock market crash happened at same time of publishing: symbolic

Psychoanalytic Literary Criticism with Others

Who: Sigmund Freud and his followers of Carl Jung and Jacques Lacan

What: A literary approach where critics see the text as if it were a kind of dream, where the text represses its real content behind obvious content. The process of changing from real to obvious content is known as the dream work, and critics analyze the language and symbolism of a text to reverse the process of the dream work and arrive at the underlying real thoughts.

Where: Hamburg, Germany. Freud was formulating his psychoanalytic beliefs there, and he reasoned that the same process that can be used to interpret dreams can be used to interpret literature.

When: Initially proposed in the 1890s, became popular in the 1920s and after.

Why: As hypothesized by many psychologists, certain events (mostly childhood events) are re-pressed by the holder. Only by talking about the past are these events brought up and re-solved. Characters in literary works can have a deep, underlying experience that affects how they deal with people or events. If one is to understand the present, then it is necessary to understand the past as that may very well have affected that person.

Marxist: economic conditions determine social conditions
Feminism: tries to show how women were suppressed and how this affected them.
New Historical: ideas frameworked within its historical era, based on cukture and events.
Formalism: analyze grammar, syntax, and literary devices.
Deconstructionism: text can be analyzed by more than one viewpoint

Pride and Prejudice Dialectical Journal 2

“I am not now to learn ,” replied Mr. Collins, with a formal wave of the hand, “that it is usual with young ladies to reject the addresses of the man whom they secretly mean to accept, when he first applies for their favour; and that sometimes the refusal is repeated a second or even a third time. I am therefore by no means discouraged by what you have just said, and shall hope to lead you to the altar ere long.” Chapter 19, Page 93
Literary devices: irony, humor, indirect characterization, and voice

Mr. Collins’s refusal to accept Elizabeth’s denial of his proposal is ironic and funny. In a way it is dramatic irony because the audience knows that Elizabeth really is denying Mr. Collins and not trying to tease him, though it is mostly situational irony because males are the courters in marriage while the females are docile and teasing about refusing; in this case, Mr. Collins is the one who is not accepting Elizabeth’s refusal, while Elizabeth is firm in her reply. This creates humor not only because of Mr. Collins’s blindness to Elizabeth’s refusals but also because it is funny to see someone rejected. The humor invoked by Mr. Collins provides social commentary against him, the clergy, and the upper class. He is not only embarrassing but also impractical, and his desires to be associated with the upper class, as evident in his obsession with Lady Catherine, only serve to mock him and the upper class’s superfluities. Mr. Collins is also indirectly characterized as quixotic and foolish because he is unable to see the truth while maintaining that Elizabeth’s refusals are all to add to the romantic effect. Mr. Collins’s firm belief that women are supposed to refuse several times before accepting a marriage proposal provides social commentary of society at that time. Girls were meant to be sweet, unintelligent, and playful, whereas Elizabeth provides Jane Austen’s voice through her refusal to accept marriage based on society’s expectation that women should be married. Mr. Collins is a clergyman, and since he his actions are foolish and outdated, Austen characterizes the church as trivial and obsolete. However, the fact that Mr. Collins agrees to marry Elizabeth despite the Bennets’ class shows how Mr. Collins somewhat rebels against society’s expectations of marriage. Mr. Collins is only marrying Elizabeth as a way to compensate the Bennets for inheriting the house, indirectly characterizing Mr. Collins as overly sorrowful, for marriage was an important event, and criticizing entailment. Mr. Collins’s firm belief that women are to deny several times before accepting mocks society’s expectations that children’s upbringings should teach them to accept marriage proposals. Elizabeth’s repeated refusals and contrasted against Charlotte’s solitary acceptance of Mr. Collins’s proposal and shows how they are character foils through their different opinions of marriage.

Pride and Prejudice Vocabulary Part 3

# Word Definition Sentence
21 Forbearance patience, tolerance, or self-control, especially in not responding to provocation; noun Charlotte does not show forbearance by marrying Mr. Collins because he may be her last suitor.
22 Imprudent showing no care, forethought, or judgment; adjective, noun When Mr. Wickham stole the money from Mr. Darcy, he was being imprudent.
23 Hauteur a haughty manner, feeling, or quality; noun Miss Bingley and Mrs. Hurst are hauteur.
24 Diffidence Distrust of one's self or one's own powers, lack of self-reliance, modesty, modest reserve, bashfulness; noun Mr. Collins has quite the amount of diffidence, as he considers himself a burden to all people.
25 Lamentation an expression of grief or sorrow; noun Jane has several lamentations when Mr. Bingley leaves and does not communicate with her.
26 Abhorrence a feeling of intense disapproval of something; noun Mrs. Bennet had a strong abhorrence to Mr. Darcy at the beginning because he did not dance with many girls.
27 Incredulous unable or unwilling to believe something or completely unconvinced by it; adjective At first when Charlotte accepts Mr. Collins’s proposal, Elizabeth is incredulous.
28 Repine to feel dissatisfied or fretful about something and complain or grumble about it; intransitive verb Lydia is repined by her bonnet because as soon as she bought it, she hates it.
29 Impropriety conduct that is not considered correct, moral, or appropriate in a given context; noun When Mr. Wickham tries to elope with Miss Darcy, he shows impropriety.

Pride and Prejudice Dialectical Journal 1

[Lady Catherine:] “Are any of your younger sisters out, Miss [Elizabeth] Bennet?” “Yes ma’am, all.” “All!—What, all five at once? Very odd!—And you only the second.—The younger ones out before the elder are married!—Your younger sisters must be very young?” “Yes, my youngest is not sixteen. Perhaps she is full young to be much in company. But really, Ma’am, I think it would be very hard upon younger sisters that they should not have their share of society and amusement because the elder may not have the means or inclination to marry early.—The last born has as good a right to the pleasures of youth as the first. And to be kept back on such a motive!—I think it would not be very likely to promote sisterly affection or delicacy of mind.” “Upon my word,” said her ladyship, “you give your opinion very decidedly for so young a person.—Pray, what is you age?” “With three younger sisters grown up,” replied Elizabeth smiling, “your Ladyship can hardly expect me to own it.” Lady Catherine seemed quite astonished at not receiving a direct answer; and Elizabeth suspected herself to be the first creature who had ever dared to trifle with so much dignified impertinence. “You cannot be more than twenty, I am sure,—therefore you need not conceal your age.” “I am not one and twenty.” Chapter 27, Page 142
Literary Devices: ethos, pathos, and humor

Through Lady Catherine’s surprise and confusion over all of the Bennet daughters being out, Jane Austen mocks the upper class. Though the use of exclamation points and interjections, as well as an incredulous tone, Lady Catherine is characterized as being very conservative and old-fashioned towards the aristocratic lifestyle. Her shock that Elizabeth did not answer her question directly adds to her haughty nature by perceiving Elizabeth’s indirect answer as an affront. The reason that Lady Catherine is so stunned by the Bennet situation is that upper-class society believes that only the eldest daughter should be out before she is married. Through Elizabeth, and to a lesser extent the Bennets for allowing their daughters to all be out, Jane Austen’s voice is heard. Elizabeth backs her parents decision to have all their daughters out by using ethos (in arguing that the eldest may not have the means or inclination to marry early) and pathos (in arguing that the youngest has as good a right to the pleasures as the first), characterizing her as intelligent and perceptive. Lady Catherine expresses her surprise at Elizabeth by asking how old she is. In addition to being irrelevant, since wisdom does not necessarily come with age, Lady Catherine criticizes Elizabeth for being too smart. Elizabeth, however, does not take this as an insult and instead replies indirectly to the highest ranking and wealthiest person that she had met, characterizing her as unmoved by people’s status and wealth as a sign of power, again criticizing the aristocratic lifestyle. Lady Catherine then suggests that the reason that Elizabeth concealed her age was because she was embarrassed about it. Lady Catherine believes that anyone older than twenty is embarrassed about their age because it appears that they are too old to be married. However, twenty-one and older are still quite young, especially since Jane is twenty-two and still unmarried. Austen uses Elizabeth to chisel away the superfluities and societal norms of the upper class to reveal a cold group of people dominated by avarice and pride.

Pride and Prejudice Vocabulary Part 1

r~ Word
I 1 I Discretion
- Definition (POS) ----~1--- Sentence
, , , , When Elizabeth kindly rejects Mr.
the good Judgment and sensitivity ell'" I h
[2
I
1--;-
4
I
' , 0 inS S marnage proposa , s e
needed to avoid embarraSSing or h d d' .
, sows goo Iscretlon not to
--L-! upsetting others (noun) d enounce h'1 m ru d e I y,
I to make changes to something, After previously being jealous of
A d ~I especially a piece of text, in order Elizabeth, Miss Bingley makes
men to improve or correct it (transitive amends with her by telling her that
_______ _ __ .verb, intransitive verb) ____ Mr, Wickham is not to be trusted.
A ' bl friendly and pleasant to be with Jane and Elizabeth, among others,
mla e (adjective) ______ ~_amiable.
the first of two things or people ,
, d ( d") h I Mr. Bingley and Mr. Darcy are both
mentlone noun, a Jectlve ; t e , h f " d
Former I d f I h
' h aristocrats; t e ormer IS nIce an
secon 0 two peop e or t Ings t at .
I
' I dances with everyone, whereas the
latter have been mentioned, or that are I h h 'd d I
" atter as too muc pn e an on y
I being conSidered or referred to dances with those that he knows,
_____ ~--- (noun, a~jective_) -----t
I" , Mr. Collins's marriage proposal to
C' 'I I polite, but In a way that IS cold and EI' b h' .. / d Id f h' d
-r _____ +-__ but nonetheless rejected: _ After Jane becomes sick after taking
I to make som
5 ~ __IV _I_ _~ formal (adjective) Iza et IS elVI an 0 - as lone,
ebody feel deeply a horse to Netherfield Park at the
umiliated (transitive
request of her mother, Mrs. Bennet
ansitive verb)
~ , Mortified ashamed and h
verb, intr
___ --+-1 _~~ortified_, __ I Charlotte Lucas has felicity over her
ontentment (noun) I acceptance of Mr. Collins's
I marriage proposal.
h
' I Elizabeth has indignation that
somet Ing seems , ;;~
bl ( ) I human virtues are not being
easona e noun fulfilled.
----
isplaying behaviors In upper class society, common
o be correct or propriety states that men should I
riate (noun) dance all the time during a ball~
eing provoked to Miss Bingley becomes vexed when
ance, anxiety, or Mr. Darcy pays more attention to
5S (noun) Elizabeth than her.
t-=-----1------
I 7 I FeliCity happiness or c
8 I Indignation
anger because
unfair or unr
-
the quality of d
9 Propriety
I
thought t
approp
-- --f---
the state of b
110 Vexation slight annoy
I distre

Romantic Notes

To a Louse: connection to nature; to criticize the upper class; vanity
To a Mouse: Be prepared for the future to change; be in harmony with nature
Lamb and Tyger: lamb a symbol for God, tiger a symbol for Devil, white-good, red-bad; lamb-tranquil, tiger-rage, hammer, anvil, chains, fire – Industrial revolution, lightning – Lucifer falling
Chimney Sweeper: chimney – coffin, words like sweeping motion, Tom Duker – went to sleep, go to afterlife and be happy
Ode to a West Wind – write down that he is not evil; West Wind vs. Spring Wind, death vs. Life, leaves to seeds/flowers, destroyer vs. preserver

Candide Notes

Objects of Satire
-religion
-war/military
-philosophy of optimism
-race/gender/class
-human feelings

Understatement – “only”

Incongruity – do not make sense

-specify meaning in every sentence
-define diction and syntax
-specifics
-comment on how it is satire
-syntax: commas add information
-complex sentence + multiple ideas = more detailed portrayal, confusing -> ambigious meaning, more examples -> more convincing

Macbeth Notes

Macbeth is a courageous man, but he has hubris.

I.i: The three witches meet and discuss how they will meet up with Macbeth in bad weather.
I.ii: The battle occurs and the king says that the Thane of Cawdor needs to be killed and have Macbeth take his position.
I.iii: The witches meet with Macbeth and Banquo and tell them that Macbeth will be Thane of Cawdor and the king. They leave and Ross and Angus say that Macbeth now is the Thane of Cawdor.
I.iv: Duncan says that Malcolm must be king. Arrives at Duncan’s castle.
I.v: Lady Macbeth thinks Macbeth is weak.
I.vi Guests arrive at Macbeth’s castle.
I.vii: Lady Macbeth and Macbeth debate whether or not to kill Duncan.