Great American Desert
(etym. 1823) The Great American Desert is a term that was used in the 19th century to describe the High Plains east of the Rocky Mountain. etym. 1823 by Stephen Long, a government surveyor.
The Sioux
Members of the Great Sioux Nation. The Sioux were involved in many military confrontations with the US including the Dakota War of 1862, the Great Sioux War of 1876 and Wounded Knee Massacre
Union Pacific Railroad
(1862) Was incorporated in the wake of the Pacific Railroad Act of 1862. Under Dr. Thomas Durant, the first rails were laid in Omaha, Nebraska as part of first transcontinental railroad.
Central Pacific Railroad
(1862) The California-to-Utah portion of the First Transcontinental Railroad. Organized by Theodore Judah in 1862 and funded by “The Big Four,” the railroad was finally connected in Promontory, Utah in 1869.
“Buffalo Bill” Cody
(1846-1917) (1846 –1917) an American soldier and showman who received the Medal of Honor in 1872. He is best known for Buffalo Bill’s Wild West (c. 1883).
Battle of Little Big Horn
(1876) aka Custer's Last Stand, it was fought between the Lakota and 7th Cavalry on June 25 - 26, 1876. This was the most famous battle of the Great Sioux War of 1876-77 and led to the death of Custer and 268 of his men.
Exodusters
(1879-1880) The name given to African Americans who fled the Southern United States in 1879 and 1880 for Kansas, the land of famed abolitionist John Brown.
“Buffalo Soldiers”
Buffalo Soldiers is a nickname originally applied to the members of the U.S. 10th Cavalry Regiment of the United States Army by the Native American tribes they fought.
Homestead Act
(1862) The Homestead Act of 1862 was a Federal law that gave an applicant freehold title to 160 acres if they improved the land and filed for a deed. The act was made to expand the ideal of the “yeoman farmer.”
“The Grange” ***
(1867) Founded in 1867, the Grange is a fraternal organization for American farmers that encourages farm families to band together for their common economic and political good.
Assimilation
(c. 1865) This was a government program that began approximately in 1865. The government encouraged an “American” way of life through suppression of religion, and forced attendance in Indian boarding schools.
Helen Hunt Jackson
(1830-1885) (1830-1885) was an American writer best known as the author of Ramona, a novel about the ill treatment of Native Americans in southern California, and A Century of Dishonor.
A Century of Dishonor
(1881) Written by Helen Hunt Jackson and Justin Lloyd Campbell, it chronicles the experiences of Native Americans in the United States. It was equivalent to Uncle Tom’s Cabin.
Dawes Severalty Act
(1887) Aka Dawes Act, it was written by Senator Henry Dawes of MA and passed in 1887. The act gave 160 acres of land per Native but divided tribes in the process. This was intended to complete Assimilation.
Massacre at Wounded Knee
(1890) On December 29, 1890, 500 troops of the U.S. 7th Cavalry, surrounded a Sioux camp. When one member refused to give up his rifle, chaos ensued leaving 200+ Lakota Sioux dead.
Virginia City
(1859) Virginia City was a mining boomtown. It virtually appeared overnight as a result of the Comstock Lode silver strike of 1859. Virginia City had ~30,000 residents at its peak, but most left when the Lode ended in 1898.
Californios
Californios is a term used to identify a Californian of Hispanic descent. Much of Californio society lived at or near the many Missions on the El Camino Real.
Samuel Clemens
(1835-1910) aka Mark Twain, he was most noted for his novel Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, which has since been called the Great American novel. He was called “the father of American literature” - Faulkner
Chinese Exclusion Act
(1882) A law passed on May 6, 1882 that revised the Burlingame Treaty of 1868. The Act allowed the US to suspend immigration and so Congress suspended Chinese immigration, a ban that lasted 60+ years.
John Muir
(1838-1914) Was a Scottish-born American naturalist, author, and early advocate of preservation of U.S. wilderness. He helped save Yosemite Valley and Sequoia National Park and was the founder of the Sierra Club.
Showing posts with label ap united states history. Show all posts
Showing posts with label ap united states history. Show all posts
Friday, August 28, 2009
APUSH Second Industrial Revolution Notes
capital goods
Capital goods are objects that are used to produce other goods and services. They are important factors because they are key in developing a positive return from manufacturing other products and commodities.
Bessemer process
(1855) Patented in 1855 by Henry Bessemer, the Bessemer process was an inexpensive industrial process for the mass production of steel from molten pig iron.
Gustavus Swift
(1839-1903) Founded a meat-packing empire in the Midwest during the late 19th century. He is credited with the development of the first practical ice-cooled railroad car (1878), which ushered in the "era of cheap beef."
vertical integration
Vertical integration is a process where each member of a hierarchy produces a different product or service and the products combine to satisfy a common need. It was popularized by Andrew Carnegie.
mass marketing
A market strategy that aims to provide products and services that will appeal to the whole market. It is the opposite of Niche marketing as it focuses on high sales and low prices.
Wabash v. Illinois (1886)
Was a Supreme Court decision that severely limited the rights of states to control interstate commerce. It led to the creation of the Interstate Commerce Commission (See Interstate Commerce Act).
managerial revolution*
(etym. 1941) A concept which points to the shift, within the modern corporation, from the owner to the professional manager as the key figure in the enterprise. The concept originates in a book of that title by James Burnham (1941).
Frederick W. Taylor
(1856–1915) (1856–1915) was an engineer who sought to improve industrial efficiency. He is regarded as the father of scientific management. Taylor was one of the intellectual leaders of the Efficiency Movement and his ideas were highly influential in the Progressive Era.
Terence V. Powderly
(1849 –1924)
(1849 –1924) was the leader of the Knights of Labor, a union devoted to worker’s rights and economic and social reform, from 1879 to 1893.
closed shop
A closed shop is a business in which union membership is a precondition to employment. It is opposed to the open shop, which does not consider union membership in hiring decisions.
Haymarket Square Riot
(1886) The Haymarket affair in Chicago began as a rally in support of striking workers. An unknown person threw a bomb at police and ensuing gunfire resulted in the deaths of eight police officers and an unknown number of civilians. In the internationally publicized legal proceedings that followed, eight anarchists were tried for murder. Four were put to death, and one committed suicide in prison.
Samuel Gompers
(1850 - 1924) (1850 - 1924) was the founder of American Federation of Labor (AFL), and served as the AFL's president from 1886 until 1924. He favored unions comprised of skilled workers and was against "industrial unions.".
Eugene Debs
(1855 – 1926) (1855 – 1926) was one of the founding members of the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), as well as candidate for President as a Socialist in 1900 up to 1920.
Wobblies (IWW)
(est. 1905) The Industrial Workers of the World, an international union established in 1905. The IWW contends that all workers should be united within a single union as a class and that the wage system should be abolished.
Homestead Strike
(1892) The Homestead Strike began on June 30, 1892, culminating in a battle between strikers and private security agents on July 6, 1892. The dispute occurred between the AA and the Carnegie Steel Company.
Pullman Strike
(1894) The Pullman Strike occurred when 3,000 Pullman Palace Car Company workers reacted to a 25% wage cut by going on a wildcat strike in Illinois on May 11, 1894, bringing traffic west of Chicago to a halt.
Interstate Commerce
Act (1887)
Signed into law by President Grover Cleveland, the Act created the ICC. The Interstate Commerce Act banned "personal discrimination" and gave the Commission the power to determine maximum "reasonable" rates.
yellow-dog contracts
A yellow-dog contract is an agreement between an employer and an employee in which the employee agrees, as a condition of employment, not to be a member of a labor union.
Capital goods are objects that are used to produce other goods and services. They are important factors because they are key in developing a positive return from manufacturing other products and commodities.
Bessemer process
(1855) Patented in 1855 by Henry Bessemer, the Bessemer process was an inexpensive industrial process for the mass production of steel from molten pig iron.
Gustavus Swift
(1839-1903) Founded a meat-packing empire in the Midwest during the late 19th century. He is credited with the development of the first practical ice-cooled railroad car (1878), which ushered in the "era of cheap beef."
vertical integration
Vertical integration is a process where each member of a hierarchy produces a different product or service and the products combine to satisfy a common need. It was popularized by Andrew Carnegie.
mass marketing
A market strategy that aims to provide products and services that will appeal to the whole market. It is the opposite of Niche marketing as it focuses on high sales and low prices.
Wabash v. Illinois (1886)
Was a Supreme Court decision that severely limited the rights of states to control interstate commerce. It led to the creation of the Interstate Commerce Commission (See Interstate Commerce Act).
managerial revolution*
(etym. 1941) A concept which points to the shift, within the modern corporation, from the owner to the professional manager as the key figure in the enterprise. The concept originates in a book of that title by James Burnham (1941).
Frederick W. Taylor
(1856–1915) (1856–1915) was an engineer who sought to improve industrial efficiency. He is regarded as the father of scientific management. Taylor was one of the intellectual leaders of the Efficiency Movement and his ideas were highly influential in the Progressive Era.
Terence V. Powderly
(1849 –1924)
(1849 –1924) was the leader of the Knights of Labor, a union devoted to worker’s rights and economic and social reform, from 1879 to 1893.
closed shop
A closed shop is a business in which union membership is a precondition to employment. It is opposed to the open shop, which does not consider union membership in hiring decisions.
Haymarket Square Riot
(1886) The Haymarket affair in Chicago began as a rally in support of striking workers. An unknown person threw a bomb at police and ensuing gunfire resulted in the deaths of eight police officers and an unknown number of civilians. In the internationally publicized legal proceedings that followed, eight anarchists were tried for murder. Four were put to death, and one committed suicide in prison.
Samuel Gompers
(1850 - 1924) (1850 - 1924) was the founder of American Federation of Labor (AFL), and served as the AFL's president from 1886 until 1924. He favored unions comprised of skilled workers and was against "industrial unions.".
Eugene Debs
(1855 – 1926) (1855 – 1926) was one of the founding members of the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), as well as candidate for President as a Socialist in 1900 up to 1920.
Wobblies (IWW)
(est. 1905) The Industrial Workers of the World, an international union established in 1905. The IWW contends that all workers should be united within a single union as a class and that the wage system should be abolished.
Homestead Strike
(1892) The Homestead Strike began on June 30, 1892, culminating in a battle between strikers and private security agents on July 6, 1892. The dispute occurred between the AA and the Carnegie Steel Company.
Pullman Strike
(1894) The Pullman Strike occurred when 3,000 Pullman Palace Car Company workers reacted to a 25% wage cut by going on a wildcat strike in Illinois on May 11, 1894, bringing traffic west of Chicago to a halt.
Interstate Commerce
Act (1887)
Signed into law by President Grover Cleveland, the Act created the ICC. The Interstate Commerce Act banned "personal discrimination" and gave the Commission the power to determine maximum "reasonable" rates.
yellow-dog contracts
A yellow-dog contract is an agreement between an employer and an employee in which the employee agrees, as a condition of employment, not to be a member of a labor union.
APUSH Notes around the Civil War
Oregon Trail
The Oregon Trail was an overland route that started for most in Independence, Missouri and ended up in Oregon. Travel on the trail increased following the Oregon Treaty of 1846.
Annexation of Texas
President Tyler signed the treaty of annexation with Texas in April 1844, but the Senate rejected it. When Polk came into office, Congress approved a new annexation bill on February 28, 1845.
presidios
Fortified bases established by the Spanish in North America during the 16th century to protect against pirates and Native Americans.
Free Soilers
Members of the short-lived political party active in the 1848 and 1852 elections. The Free Soilers opposed the expansion of slavery into the western territories, but did not call for the abolition of slavery in states where it already existed.
Compromise of 1850
5 bills aimed at resolving territorial and slavery controversies. It turned California into a free state, resolved a border dispute and strengthened the Fugitive Slave Act.
Wilmot Proviso
A bill submitted into the House on August 8, 1846 by David Wilmot. The Democratic Congressman’s intent in the bill was to prevent the introduction of slavery in any territory acquired from Mexico. Needless to say, it failed.
Know-Nothing Party
This party, aka the American Party was a nativist organization that was anti-immigration and anti-Catholic throughout its short life. It originated in 1843 and became a party in 1845. At its zenith, it had more than 1 million members.
Commodore Perry
(1794-1858) Matthew Perry was the Commodore of the U.S. Navy who compelled the opening of Japan to the West with the Convention of Kanagawa in 1854.
Popular Sovereignty
The belief that the legitimacy of the state is created by the will or consent of its people. In other words, the people decide what happens in their states (e.g. Kansas).
Republican Party
“Free soil, free labor, free men, free speech”
Fugitive Slave Law
Within the Compromise of 1850 there was a clause that basically restored the Fugitive Slave Law. However, it was largely ignored and protested against in the North, leading to sometimes violent confrontations.
Uncle Tom’s Cabin
(1852) An antislavery novel written in 1852 by Harriet Beecher Stowe which depicted the evils of slavery. It contributed much to the antislavery sentiment in the North and was the second best-selling book of the century, following the Bible.
Kansas-Nebraska Act
(1854) An act of Congress that created two states: Nebraska and Kansas. It was intended that Kansas become slave and Nebraska free so as to appeal to both the North and South. It led to Bloody Kansas.
Ostend Manifesto
(1854) A secret document written in 1854 by U.S. diplomats at Ostend, Blegium describing a plan to acquire Cuba from Spain. The document sparked greater divisions in America from fear of a Slave Power conspiracy.
Dred Scott Decision
The decision by the Taney court pissed off many Northerners. It ruled that Dred Scott was not a citizen and therefore could not be in court. Later though, it was overruled with the 14th Amendment.
Gadsden Purchase
(1853) Aka Treaty of La Mesilla, it was a 30,000 sq. mi land purchase of the Gadsen territory for $10 million as authorized by President Franklin Pierce in June 24, 1853. The new territory enabled a railroad to traverse it.
Lincoln-Douglass Debates
The Lincoln-Douglas Debates of 1858 were a series of seven debates between Abraham Lincoln, the Republican candidate, and the incumbent Stephen A. Douglas, a Democrat, for an Illinois seat in the United States Senate.
Freeport Doctrine
(1858) The Freeport Doctrine was articulated by Stephen A. Douglas at the Lincoln-Douglas debates on August 27, 1858, in Freeport, Illinois. It basically stated that slavery could be prevented by refusal of people to pass laws favorable to slavery.
Election of 1860
The Election of 1860 divided the South and North and split the Democratic Party allowing the Abraham Lincoln rise to power without the support of a single Southern state. Lincoln’s other opponents were John Breckinridge and Stephen A. Douglas. Immediately following Lincoln’s victory, South Carolina and other states declared secession.
John Brown’s Raid
(1859)
In, 1859, John Brown and a few followers raided Harpers Ferry, Virginia, a federal arsenal in order to prepare slaves for a large scale rebellion. He was stopped and eventually hanged for his crime but was praised much in the North.
Fort Sumter
(1861) A coastal fort built in Charleston, South Carolina. On April 23, 1861, Confederate batteries opened fire, firing for 33 hours on the fort. The beginning of the Civil War was marked by the Union surrender of the fort.
Robert E. Lee
(1807-1870) Robert E. Lee was a brilliant Virginian general and strategist who fought on the Confederate side. He led the Confederates to victory numerous times until the battle of Gettysburg.
P.G.T. Beauregard
(1818-1893) The first prominent general for the C.S.A. during the Civil War. He commanded the attack on Fort Sumter and later was the victor at the First Battle of Bull Run. Also, he was critical to the defense of Richmond.
Jefferson Davis
(1808-1889) He was a former senator who became the president of the Confederate States of America. His vice president was Alexander Stephens.
Crittenden Plan
(1860) The Crittenden Compromise (1860) was an unsuccessful proposal by KY Senator John Crittenden that included extending the Missouri Compromise line and preserving fugitive slave laws.
Bull Run
The first major battle in the Civil War. aka Battle of Manassas.
George B. McClellan
(1826-1885) A major general during the civil war. He organized the Army of the Potomac and served briefly (11/1861 – 3/1862) as general-in-chief. He was a meticulous planner which got him much criticism, especially from the Battle of Antietam.
Antietam
(1862) Fought on September 17, 1862 with McClellan v. Robert E. Lee. “Single bloodiest day in American history.” Though the battle of tactically inconclusive, it gave Lincoln the confidence to announce his Emancipation Proclamation.
“Total war”
Where two societies array their resources against each other in battle. Used to describe the case between the North and South during the Civil War.
Habeas Corpus A legal action, or writ, through which a person can seek relief from unlawful detention of him or herself, or of another person.
Sanitary Commission
(1861) An official agency of the US government created on June 18, 1861, to coordinate the volunteer efforts of women who wanted to contribute to the war effort.
Clara Barton
Clara Barton (December 25, 1821 – April 12, 1912) was a pioneer American teacher and nurse. She is best remembered for organizing the American Red Cross (est. 1881).
Contraband
This is the term that General Benjamin Butler gave to runaway slaves that ended up in his camp. It soon became the general term for slaves that were captured by Union forces.
Emancipation Proclamation
(1863)
The Emancipation Proclamation was formally passed in September 22, 1862 through Lincoln. It was intended to give the South the choice of either slavery or secession. When none of them budged, Lincoln signed it into law in January 1, 1863 making slavery illegal in all parts outside of the Union.
Gettysburg
(July 1-3, 1863) Was a battle fought in and around Gettysburg, Pennsylvania and was the battle with the largest number of casualties in the American Civil War. Gettysburg marked the turning point of the war.
Vicksburg
(5/25 – 7/4, 1863) Was a Union success where Ulysses S. Grant and his Army of the Tennessee captured Vicksburg leading the control of the Mississippi River thus marking a turning point in the war.
Modern War
A war where even civilians are targets.
William Tecumseh Sherman
(1820-1891) William Tecumseh Sherman was a General in the Union Army during the Civil War. He is known for his “March to the Sea” and his scorched earth policies he implemented in conducting total war.
Election of 1864
In the election, Lincoln, along with running mate Andrew Johnson, ran against his former general George McClellan. Lincoln was re-elected as president with 212 votes vs. McClellan’s 21.
Lincoln’s Second
Inauguration Speech
“With malice toward none; with charity for all… let us strive on to finish the work we are in; to bind up the nation's wounds.” Hoped to reconcile everyone.
Amendment XIII
(1865) The Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution officially abolished and continues to prohibit slavery and involuntary servitude. It was adopted on December 6, 1865. 1st of Reconstruction Amendments.
Appomattox
Courthouse
The location of the Battle of Appomattox and the place where Confederate general Robert E. Lee surrendered, thus ending the Civil War.
Lincoln’s Plan
(1863)
Known as the 10-percent plan, it decreed that when 10 percent of voters (based on 1860 census) had taken an oath of allegiance to the U.S. and pledge to abide by emancipation, and write a constitution abolishing slavery forever, Lincoln would recognize the reconstructed government.
Thaddeus Stevens
(1792-1868) Was Radical Republican leader who wrote much of the financial legislation that paid for the Civil War. During Reconstruction, he tried to hard to secure racial justice for the freedman.
Radical Republicans
The Radical Republicans were a faction of Republicans from about 1854 to 1877 that demanded harsh policies toward slavery, the Confederacy, and toward ex-Confederates after the war, as well as support for equal rights for Freedmen
Wade-Davis Bill
(1864) Was a Reconstruction program proposed for the South written by two Radical Republicans. The bill made it a requirement for a majority of each state to take the Ironclad oath in order to rejoin the Union. It was pocket vetoed by Lincoln.
Freedman’s Bureau
(1865) A U.S. federal government agency that aided distressed refugees of the Civil War. Passed on March 3, 1865, it was key agency during Reconstruction, assisting freedmen in the South. It was disbanded in 12/1868.
Black Codes
The Black Codes were laws passed on the state and local level mainly in the rural Southern states in the United States to limit the civil rights and civil liberties of African Americans.
Amendment XIV
(1868) The 14th Amendment was a Reconstruction Amendment ratified on July 9, 1868. It provided a broad definition of citizenship, overruling Dred Scott. It required states to provide equal protection under the law to all persons.
Civil Rights Act of 1866
The Civil Rights Act of 1866 was the first act that gave further rights to the freed slaves after the end of the American Civil War. It was vetoed by Johnson but overrode by Congress.
Reconstruction Act of 1867
The Act created 5 military districts in the seceded states, required congressional approval for new state constitutions, gave voting rights to all men, and required all states to ratify the 14th Amendment.
Amendment XV
(1870) The Fifteenth Amendment (Amendment XV) to the United States Constitution prohibits each government in the United States to prevent a citizen from voting based on that citizen's race.
Edwin M. Stanton
(1814-1869) Was a United States Attorney General and Secretary of War through most of the Civil War and Reconstruction era. When Johnson attempted to fire him, radicals in Congress used it as evidence to impeach Johnson.
Scalawags
A scalawag was a term for southern whites who supported Reconstruction following the Civil War.
Carpetbaggers
Carpetbagger was the term southerners gave to (ambitious) northerners who moved to the South during the Reconstruction era between 1865 and 1877.
Sharecropping
Sharecropping is a system of agriculture or agricultural production in which a landowner allows a tenant to use the land in return for a share of the crop produced on the land (e.g., 50 percent of the crop).
Whiskey Ring
(1875) Whiskey Ring was a scandal, exposed in 1875, involving diversion of tax revenues in a conspiracy among government agents, politicians, whiskey distillers, and distributors. Bristow broke the ring in 1875.
Compromise of 1877
The Compromise of 1877 was an informal deal that settled the dispute in the election of 1876. Republican Rutherford B. Hayes would become president on the condition that he removed federal troops. It effectively ended Reconstruction.
Ku Klux Klan
The KKK is a secret militant organization in the United States that popped up in 1865. It often used terrorism and lynching to intimidate and oppress African Americans and other minorities.
The Oregon Trail was an overland route that started for most in Independence, Missouri and ended up in Oregon. Travel on the trail increased following the Oregon Treaty of 1846.
Annexation of Texas
President Tyler signed the treaty of annexation with Texas in April 1844, but the Senate rejected it. When Polk came into office, Congress approved a new annexation bill on February 28, 1845.
presidios
Fortified bases established by the Spanish in North America during the 16th century to protect against pirates and Native Americans.
Free Soilers
Members of the short-lived political party active in the 1848 and 1852 elections. The Free Soilers opposed the expansion of slavery into the western territories, but did not call for the abolition of slavery in states where it already existed.
Compromise of 1850
5 bills aimed at resolving territorial and slavery controversies. It turned California into a free state, resolved a border dispute and strengthened the Fugitive Slave Act.
Wilmot Proviso
A bill submitted into the House on August 8, 1846 by David Wilmot. The Democratic Congressman’s intent in the bill was to prevent the introduction of slavery in any territory acquired from Mexico. Needless to say, it failed.
Know-Nothing Party
This party, aka the American Party was a nativist organization that was anti-immigration and anti-Catholic throughout its short life. It originated in 1843 and became a party in 1845. At its zenith, it had more than 1 million members.
Commodore Perry
(1794-1858) Matthew Perry was the Commodore of the U.S. Navy who compelled the opening of Japan to the West with the Convention of Kanagawa in 1854.
Popular Sovereignty
The belief that the legitimacy of the state is created by the will or consent of its people. In other words, the people decide what happens in their states (e.g. Kansas).
Republican Party
“Free soil, free labor, free men, free speech”
Fugitive Slave Law
Within the Compromise of 1850 there was a clause that basically restored the Fugitive Slave Law. However, it was largely ignored and protested against in the North, leading to sometimes violent confrontations.
Uncle Tom’s Cabin
(1852) An antislavery novel written in 1852 by Harriet Beecher Stowe which depicted the evils of slavery. It contributed much to the antislavery sentiment in the North and was the second best-selling book of the century, following the Bible.
Kansas-Nebraska Act
(1854) An act of Congress that created two states: Nebraska and Kansas. It was intended that Kansas become slave and Nebraska free so as to appeal to both the North and South. It led to Bloody Kansas.
Ostend Manifesto
(1854) A secret document written in 1854 by U.S. diplomats at Ostend, Blegium describing a plan to acquire Cuba from Spain. The document sparked greater divisions in America from fear of a Slave Power conspiracy.
Dred Scott Decision
The decision by the Taney court pissed off many Northerners. It ruled that Dred Scott was not a citizen and therefore could not be in court. Later though, it was overruled with the 14th Amendment.
Gadsden Purchase
(1853) Aka Treaty of La Mesilla, it was a 30,000 sq. mi land purchase of the Gadsen territory for $10 million as authorized by President Franklin Pierce in June 24, 1853. The new territory enabled a railroad to traverse it.
Lincoln-Douglass Debates
The Lincoln-Douglas Debates of 1858 were a series of seven debates between Abraham Lincoln, the Republican candidate, and the incumbent Stephen A. Douglas, a Democrat, for an Illinois seat in the United States Senate.
Freeport Doctrine
(1858) The Freeport Doctrine was articulated by Stephen A. Douglas at the Lincoln-Douglas debates on August 27, 1858, in Freeport, Illinois. It basically stated that slavery could be prevented by refusal of people to pass laws favorable to slavery.
Election of 1860
The Election of 1860 divided the South and North and split the Democratic Party allowing the Abraham Lincoln rise to power without the support of a single Southern state. Lincoln’s other opponents were John Breckinridge and Stephen A. Douglas. Immediately following Lincoln’s victory, South Carolina and other states declared secession.
John Brown’s Raid
(1859)
In, 1859, John Brown and a few followers raided Harpers Ferry, Virginia, a federal arsenal in order to prepare slaves for a large scale rebellion. He was stopped and eventually hanged for his crime but was praised much in the North.
Fort Sumter
(1861) A coastal fort built in Charleston, South Carolina. On April 23, 1861, Confederate batteries opened fire, firing for 33 hours on the fort. The beginning of the Civil War was marked by the Union surrender of the fort.
Robert E. Lee
(1807-1870) Robert E. Lee was a brilliant Virginian general and strategist who fought on the Confederate side. He led the Confederates to victory numerous times until the battle of Gettysburg.
P.G.T. Beauregard
(1818-1893) The first prominent general for the C.S.A. during the Civil War. He commanded the attack on Fort Sumter and later was the victor at the First Battle of Bull Run. Also, he was critical to the defense of Richmond.
Jefferson Davis
(1808-1889) He was a former senator who became the president of the Confederate States of America. His vice president was Alexander Stephens.
Crittenden Plan
(1860) The Crittenden Compromise (1860) was an unsuccessful proposal by KY Senator John Crittenden that included extending the Missouri Compromise line and preserving fugitive slave laws.
Bull Run
The first major battle in the Civil War. aka Battle of Manassas.
George B. McClellan
(1826-1885) A major general during the civil war. He organized the Army of the Potomac and served briefly (11/1861 – 3/1862) as general-in-chief. He was a meticulous planner which got him much criticism, especially from the Battle of Antietam.
Antietam
(1862) Fought on September 17, 1862 with McClellan v. Robert E. Lee. “Single bloodiest day in American history.” Though the battle of tactically inconclusive, it gave Lincoln the confidence to announce his Emancipation Proclamation.
“Total war”
Where two societies array their resources against each other in battle. Used to describe the case between the North and South during the Civil War.
Habeas Corpus A legal action, or writ, through which a person can seek relief from unlawful detention of him or herself, or of another person.
Sanitary Commission
(1861) An official agency of the US government created on June 18, 1861, to coordinate the volunteer efforts of women who wanted to contribute to the war effort.
Clara Barton
Clara Barton (December 25, 1821 – April 12, 1912) was a pioneer American teacher and nurse. She is best remembered for organizing the American Red Cross (est. 1881).
Contraband
This is the term that General Benjamin Butler gave to runaway slaves that ended up in his camp. It soon became the general term for slaves that were captured by Union forces.
Emancipation Proclamation
(1863)
The Emancipation Proclamation was formally passed in September 22, 1862 through Lincoln. It was intended to give the South the choice of either slavery or secession. When none of them budged, Lincoln signed it into law in January 1, 1863 making slavery illegal in all parts outside of the Union.
Gettysburg
(July 1-3, 1863) Was a battle fought in and around Gettysburg, Pennsylvania and was the battle with the largest number of casualties in the American Civil War. Gettysburg marked the turning point of the war.
Vicksburg
(5/25 – 7/4, 1863) Was a Union success where Ulysses S. Grant and his Army of the Tennessee captured Vicksburg leading the control of the Mississippi River thus marking a turning point in the war.
Modern War
A war where even civilians are targets.
William Tecumseh Sherman
(1820-1891) William Tecumseh Sherman was a General in the Union Army during the Civil War. He is known for his “March to the Sea” and his scorched earth policies he implemented in conducting total war.
Election of 1864
In the election, Lincoln, along with running mate Andrew Johnson, ran against his former general George McClellan. Lincoln was re-elected as president with 212 votes vs. McClellan’s 21.
Lincoln’s Second
Inauguration Speech
“With malice toward none; with charity for all… let us strive on to finish the work we are in; to bind up the nation's wounds.” Hoped to reconcile everyone.
Amendment XIII
(1865) The Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution officially abolished and continues to prohibit slavery and involuntary servitude. It was adopted on December 6, 1865. 1st of Reconstruction Amendments.
Appomattox
Courthouse
The location of the Battle of Appomattox and the place where Confederate general Robert E. Lee surrendered, thus ending the Civil War.
Lincoln’s Plan
(1863)
Known as the 10-percent plan, it decreed that when 10 percent of voters (based on 1860 census) had taken an oath of allegiance to the U.S. and pledge to abide by emancipation, and write a constitution abolishing slavery forever, Lincoln would recognize the reconstructed government.
Thaddeus Stevens
(1792-1868) Was Radical Republican leader who wrote much of the financial legislation that paid for the Civil War. During Reconstruction, he tried to hard to secure racial justice for the freedman.
Radical Republicans
The Radical Republicans were a faction of Republicans from about 1854 to 1877 that demanded harsh policies toward slavery, the Confederacy, and toward ex-Confederates after the war, as well as support for equal rights for Freedmen
Wade-Davis Bill
(1864) Was a Reconstruction program proposed for the South written by two Radical Republicans. The bill made it a requirement for a majority of each state to take the Ironclad oath in order to rejoin the Union. It was pocket vetoed by Lincoln.
Freedman’s Bureau
(1865) A U.S. federal government agency that aided distressed refugees of the Civil War. Passed on March 3, 1865, it was key agency during Reconstruction, assisting freedmen in the South. It was disbanded in 12/1868.
Black Codes
The Black Codes were laws passed on the state and local level mainly in the rural Southern states in the United States to limit the civil rights and civil liberties of African Americans.
Amendment XIV
(1868) The 14th Amendment was a Reconstruction Amendment ratified on July 9, 1868. It provided a broad definition of citizenship, overruling Dred Scott. It required states to provide equal protection under the law to all persons.
Civil Rights Act of 1866
The Civil Rights Act of 1866 was the first act that gave further rights to the freed slaves after the end of the American Civil War. It was vetoed by Johnson but overrode by Congress.
Reconstruction Act of 1867
The Act created 5 military districts in the seceded states, required congressional approval for new state constitutions, gave voting rights to all men, and required all states to ratify the 14th Amendment.
Amendment XV
(1870) The Fifteenth Amendment (Amendment XV) to the United States Constitution prohibits each government in the United States to prevent a citizen from voting based on that citizen's race.
Edwin M. Stanton
(1814-1869) Was a United States Attorney General and Secretary of War through most of the Civil War and Reconstruction era. When Johnson attempted to fire him, radicals in Congress used it as evidence to impeach Johnson.
Scalawags
A scalawag was a term for southern whites who supported Reconstruction following the Civil War.
Carpetbaggers
Carpetbagger was the term southerners gave to (ambitious) northerners who moved to the South during the Reconstruction era between 1865 and 1877.
Sharecropping
Sharecropping is a system of agriculture or agricultural production in which a landowner allows a tenant to use the land in return for a share of the crop produced on the land (e.g., 50 percent of the crop).
Whiskey Ring
(1875) Whiskey Ring was a scandal, exposed in 1875, involving diversion of tax revenues in a conspiracy among government agents, politicians, whiskey distillers, and distributors. Bristow broke the ring in 1875.
Compromise of 1877
The Compromise of 1877 was an informal deal that settled the dispute in the election of 1876. Republican Rutherford B. Hayes would become president on the condition that he removed federal troops. It effectively ended Reconstruction.
Ku Klux Klan
The KKK is a secret militant organization in the United States that popped up in 1865. It often used terrorism and lynching to intimidate and oppress African Americans and other minorities.
APUSH Nineteenth Century Notes
Bonus Bill
(1817) A bill proposed in 1817 by John C. Calhoun (though attributed to Henry Clay) to provide Highways linking The East and South to The West using the “Bonus” earnings of the Second Bank of the United States
John Marshall
(1755-1835) Was nominated by John Adams for Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. He served from 1801 until his death in 1835. He was a staunch Federalist and is recognized for establishing judicial review.
judicial review
(est. 1803) Judicial review is the power of the courts to annul the acts of the executive or legislative powers where it finds them incompatible with a higher norm (e.g. state laws vs. constitution).
John Quincy Adams
(1767-1848) 6th President of the United States from 1825-1829. He was the son of John Adams and helped formulate the Adam-Onís Treaty and Monroe Doctrine, as Secretary of State.
political machine
A political machine is an unofficial system of a political organization based on patronage, the spoils system, “behind the scenes” control, and political ties within the structure of a representative democracy.
“corrupt bargain”
(1824) The term candidate Andrew Jackson gave to the nomination of Henry Clay as Secretary of State for Pres. John Quincy Adams as a result of the election of 1824 where Clay had helped Adams get into office.
spoils system
The practice where a political party, after winning an election, gives government jobs to its voters as a reward and incentive to keep working for the party. Term was derived from “to the victor go the spoils.”
“Democrats”
Tariff of 1828
Enacted on May 19, 1828 and known as “Tariff of Abominations” because of the effect it had on the southern economy. The high tariff coincided with the election of 1828 leading to Adam’s defeat.
Kitchen Cabinet
The Kitchen Cabinet was Jackson’s informal Cabinet. Jackson soon referred to his Kitchen Cabinet so much that there was a Supreme Court case on the constitutionality of having a second cabinet. It was allowed.
Maysville Road veto
(1830) A famous veto by Pres. Andrew Jackson. The Maysville Road bill proposed funding a road in Kentucky. Was rejected on the grounds that it was unconstitutional dealing a blow to the American System (Clay).
Nicholas Biddle
(1786-1844) An American financier who served as president of the Second Bank of the United States from 1822 to 1839. In 1833, Biddle demonstrated the importance of the 2nd Bank by calling in all loans, sparking a depression.
Roger B. Taney
(1777-1864) Twelfth US Attorney General and 5th Chief Justice of the United States from 1836 to 1864.The Taney Court often favored the states more than the federal government (e.g. NYC vs. Miln).
“pet banks”
(1833) A term for state banks selected by the US. Department of Treasury to receive surplus government funds in 1833 after Jackson “killed” the 2nd Bank of US -> Failure of pet banks -> Specie Circular -> Panic of 1837
Indian Removal Act (1830)
Signed into law by President Andrew Jackson which paved the way for the relocation of tens of thousands of American Indians to the West. Opened up land inhabited by the “Five Civilized Tribes.”
Compromise Tariff
(1833) Proposed by Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun as a resolution to the Nullification Crisis. Reduced tariff rates to 1816 lows and lasted until the Blank Tariff of 1842.
The South Carolina Exposition and Protest (1828) Written in 1828 by John C. Calhoun (anonymous at the time), it was a protest against the Tariff of 1828. The document stated that if the tariff was not repealed, South Carolina would secede.
Working Men’s Party
(est. 1828) Founded in 1828 as the first labor union in the United States, located in Philadelphia. Called for 10 hour work period, universal male suffrage and free public education and rejected Jacksonian beliefs. Ultimately failed.
Whig Party
(1833-1856) Political party of Jacksonian democracy era that supported modernization and Congress-dominated government. Was strongly opposed to Andrew Jackson and Democratic party and led by Henry Clay.
Ralph Waldo Emerson
(1803-1882) American writer and Transcendentalist. His teachings directly influenced the New Thought movement of the mid 1800s. He was an abolitionist and strongly supported philosophy of Transcendentalism.
Henry David Thoreau
(1817-1862) An American author best known for his book Walden and essay Civil Disobedience. Lifelong abolitionist whose philosophy of nonviolent resistance influenced the actions of later figures such as Tolstoy, Ghandhi and King.
Transcendentalism
(mid-19th century) A series of new ideas that emerged in New England that protested the general state of culture and society. Their core belief is that an ideal spiritual state ‘transcends’ the physical and empirical and is realized only through intuition.
Walt Whitman
(1819-1892) An American poet who incorporated both transcendentalism and realism in both his views and works. He is best known for his poetry collection Leaves of Grass published in 1855.
Nathaniel Hawthorne
(1804-1864) An American novelist who expressed his negative view of the Transcendentalism movement with his novels epitomized in The Scarlet Letter (1860).
Herman Melville
(1819-1891) An American novelist who, like Hawthorne, held a negative view of the Transcendentalist movement and illustrated the problems with extreme individualism in his novel Moby Dick (1831).
Edgar Allen Poe
(1809-1849) A poet and writer considered part of the American Romantic Movement. He was best known for his tales of mystery and macabre.
Emily Dickinson
(1830-1886) An American poet who led a private life producing prolific poetry. She wrote nearly 1800 poems and most of the subjects were on death and immortality. They published for the first time in 1955.
Brook Farm
(est. 1841) A transcendentalist Utopian experiment founded by Unitarian minister George Ripley in 1841. Brook Farmers adopted Fourierism by 1844 and began building a structure the “Phalanstery.” However, by 1847, the farm was closed.
Shakers
(est. 1747) Originated in Manchester, England in 1747. Mother Mary Ann Lee is attributed with bringing this movement to the Untied States. The Shakers believed in perfection and morality.
Fourierism
(19th century) Named after the French socialist and philosopher Charles Fourier (1772-1837). The idea of liberating every human individual, man, woman, and child in two senses: Education and the liberation of human passion. Influenced Brook Farm.
Oneida Community
(est. 1848) A utopian commune founded by John Humphrey Noyes in 1848 in Oneida, New York. The community practiced communalism but dissolved in 1881 into the giant silverware company Oneida Limited.
Joseph Smith
(1805-1844) Founder of Mormonism who in 1830 published the Book of Mormon. Tensions escalated into the 1838 Mormon War which expelled the Mormons from MI. He was killed in 1844 in Nauvoo, Illinois.
Brigham Young
(1801-1877) President of Mormons from 1847 to 1877, founder of Salt Lake City and first governor of Utah. He succeeded Joseph Smith and led the Mormons west where they settled in Salt Lake City.
William Lloyd Garrison
(1805-1879) Founder of the American Anti-Slavery Society and editor of the radical abolitionist newspaper, The Liberator (1831).
American Anti-Slavery Society
(1833-1870) An Abolitionist society founded by William Lloyd Garrison and Arthur Tappan in Philadelphia. The society included Frederick Douglass and others. Was strongly opposed by the public and mobs frequently attacked them.
Nat Turner
(Rebellion in 1831) (1800-1831) An American slave who started the largest slave rebellion in the southern United States. The rebellion led to a crackdown on slave education and meetings throughout the South. .
Grimké sisters
Sarah (1792-1873) and Angelina (1805-1879) were 19th century American Quakers who advocated abolition and women’s rights. Lectured throughout the North and were the first to act publicly in social reform movements.
Harriet Tubman
(1820-1913) An African-American abolitionist who made thirteen missions to rescue over seventy slaves on the Underground Railroad. Was known as the “Moses” and never lost a passenger in her operations.
Dorothea Dix
(1802-1887) An American activist who lobbied Congress and state legislatures for the creation of mental asylums. Served as Superintendent of Army Nurses during the Civil War.
Harriet Beecher Stowe
(1811-1896) An abolitionist author renowned for her novel Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1852). Her book attacked the cruelty of slavery and made the political issues of 1850s tangible to millions, moving anti-slavery forces in the North.
Catharine Beecher
(1800-1878) A noted American educator and sister of Harriet Beecher Stowe who supported women’s education and the incorporation of kindergarten into children’s education. Pronounced women were better educators than men.
Seneca Falls, New York
(1848) Location of the first women’s rights convention in the United States that featured leading reformers including the two below. Presented the “Declaration of Sentiments” (1833) here: “All men and women were created equal…”
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
(1815-1902) Was a leading figure of the early woman’s movement. Her Declaration of Sentiments presented at Seneca Falls is often credited for starting the first organized women’s rights and suffrage movements in the U.S.
Lucretia Mott
(1793-1880) A proponent of women’s rights credited as the first American “feminist” in the early 1800s but was more accurately, the initiator of women’s political advocacy.
Susan B. Anthony
(1820-1906) A prominent American civil rights leader who played a pivotal role in women’s rights and suffrage. Gave 75-100 speeches per year on women’s rights for 45 years.
gang-labor system
(pre-1865) The gang-labor system was a harsh but productive division of labor where field “gangs” worked under an overseer and were pushed to the maximum production. This system was essential to economic growth in the South.
“King Cotton”
(etmy. 1855) A phrase used mainly by Southern politicians and authors to demonstrate the importance of cotton to the Confederate economy during the Civil War. The South produced ¾ of the world’s cotton supply at the time.
Free African Societies
(est. 1787) Established in Philadelphia by Richard Allen for the benefit of African-Americans released from slavery. The FAS operated as a church, local government, and charity providing aid and teaching morality and temperance.
(1817) A bill proposed in 1817 by John C. Calhoun (though attributed to Henry Clay) to provide Highways linking The East and South to The West using the “Bonus” earnings of the Second Bank of the United States
John Marshall
(1755-1835) Was nominated by John Adams for Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. He served from 1801 until his death in 1835. He was a staunch Federalist and is recognized for establishing judicial review.
judicial review
(est. 1803) Judicial review is the power of the courts to annul the acts of the executive or legislative powers where it finds them incompatible with a higher norm (e.g. state laws vs. constitution).
John Quincy Adams
(1767-1848) 6th President of the United States from 1825-1829. He was the son of John Adams and helped formulate the Adam-Onís Treaty and Monroe Doctrine, as Secretary of State.
political machine
A political machine is an unofficial system of a political organization based on patronage, the spoils system, “behind the scenes” control, and political ties within the structure of a representative democracy.
“corrupt bargain”
(1824) The term candidate Andrew Jackson gave to the nomination of Henry Clay as Secretary of State for Pres. John Quincy Adams as a result of the election of 1824 where Clay had helped Adams get into office.
spoils system
The practice where a political party, after winning an election, gives government jobs to its voters as a reward and incentive to keep working for the party. Term was derived from “to the victor go the spoils.”
“Democrats”
Tariff of 1828
Enacted on May 19, 1828 and known as “Tariff of Abominations” because of the effect it had on the southern economy. The high tariff coincided with the election of 1828 leading to Adam’s defeat.
Kitchen Cabinet
The Kitchen Cabinet was Jackson’s informal Cabinet. Jackson soon referred to his Kitchen Cabinet so much that there was a Supreme Court case on the constitutionality of having a second cabinet. It was allowed.
Maysville Road veto
(1830) A famous veto by Pres. Andrew Jackson. The Maysville Road bill proposed funding a road in Kentucky. Was rejected on the grounds that it was unconstitutional dealing a blow to the American System (Clay).
Nicholas Biddle
(1786-1844) An American financier who served as president of the Second Bank of the United States from 1822 to 1839. In 1833, Biddle demonstrated the importance of the 2nd Bank by calling in all loans, sparking a depression.
Roger B. Taney
(1777-1864) Twelfth US Attorney General and 5th Chief Justice of the United States from 1836 to 1864.The Taney Court often favored the states more than the federal government (e.g. NYC vs. Miln).
“pet banks”
(1833) A term for state banks selected by the US. Department of Treasury to receive surplus government funds in 1833 after Jackson “killed” the 2nd Bank of US -> Failure of pet banks -> Specie Circular -> Panic of 1837
Indian Removal Act (1830)
Signed into law by President Andrew Jackson which paved the way for the relocation of tens of thousands of American Indians to the West. Opened up land inhabited by the “Five Civilized Tribes.”
Compromise Tariff
(1833) Proposed by Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun as a resolution to the Nullification Crisis. Reduced tariff rates to 1816 lows and lasted until the Blank Tariff of 1842.
The South Carolina Exposition and Protest (1828) Written in 1828 by John C. Calhoun (anonymous at the time), it was a protest against the Tariff of 1828. The document stated that if the tariff was not repealed, South Carolina would secede.
Working Men’s Party
(est. 1828) Founded in 1828 as the first labor union in the United States, located in Philadelphia. Called for 10 hour work period, universal male suffrage and free public education and rejected Jacksonian beliefs. Ultimately failed.
Whig Party
(1833-1856) Political party of Jacksonian democracy era that supported modernization and Congress-dominated government. Was strongly opposed to Andrew Jackson and Democratic party and led by Henry Clay.
Ralph Waldo Emerson
(1803-1882) American writer and Transcendentalist. His teachings directly influenced the New Thought movement of the mid 1800s. He was an abolitionist and strongly supported philosophy of Transcendentalism.
Henry David Thoreau
(1817-1862) An American author best known for his book Walden and essay Civil Disobedience. Lifelong abolitionist whose philosophy of nonviolent resistance influenced the actions of later figures such as Tolstoy, Ghandhi and King.
Transcendentalism
(mid-19th century) A series of new ideas that emerged in New England that protested the general state of culture and society. Their core belief is that an ideal spiritual state ‘transcends’ the physical and empirical and is realized only through intuition.
Walt Whitman
(1819-1892) An American poet who incorporated both transcendentalism and realism in both his views and works. He is best known for his poetry collection Leaves of Grass published in 1855.
Nathaniel Hawthorne
(1804-1864) An American novelist who expressed his negative view of the Transcendentalism movement with his novels epitomized in The Scarlet Letter (1860).
Herman Melville
(1819-1891) An American novelist who, like Hawthorne, held a negative view of the Transcendentalist movement and illustrated the problems with extreme individualism in his novel Moby Dick (1831).
Edgar Allen Poe
(1809-1849) A poet and writer considered part of the American Romantic Movement. He was best known for his tales of mystery and macabre.
Emily Dickinson
(1830-1886) An American poet who led a private life producing prolific poetry. She wrote nearly 1800 poems and most of the subjects were on death and immortality. They published for the first time in 1955.
Brook Farm
(est. 1841) A transcendentalist Utopian experiment founded by Unitarian minister George Ripley in 1841. Brook Farmers adopted Fourierism by 1844 and began building a structure the “Phalanstery.” However, by 1847, the farm was closed.
Shakers
(est. 1747) Originated in Manchester, England in 1747. Mother Mary Ann Lee is attributed with bringing this movement to the Untied States. The Shakers believed in perfection and morality.
Fourierism
(19th century) Named after the French socialist and philosopher Charles Fourier (1772-1837). The idea of liberating every human individual, man, woman, and child in two senses: Education and the liberation of human passion. Influenced Brook Farm.
Oneida Community
(est. 1848) A utopian commune founded by John Humphrey Noyes in 1848 in Oneida, New York. The community practiced communalism but dissolved in 1881 into the giant silverware company Oneida Limited.
Joseph Smith
(1805-1844) Founder of Mormonism who in 1830 published the Book of Mormon. Tensions escalated into the 1838 Mormon War which expelled the Mormons from MI. He was killed in 1844 in Nauvoo, Illinois.
Brigham Young
(1801-1877) President of Mormons from 1847 to 1877, founder of Salt Lake City and first governor of Utah. He succeeded Joseph Smith and led the Mormons west where they settled in Salt Lake City.
William Lloyd Garrison
(1805-1879) Founder of the American Anti-Slavery Society and editor of the radical abolitionist newspaper, The Liberator (1831).
American Anti-Slavery Society
(1833-1870) An Abolitionist society founded by William Lloyd Garrison and Arthur Tappan in Philadelphia. The society included Frederick Douglass and others. Was strongly opposed by the public and mobs frequently attacked them.
Nat Turner
(Rebellion in 1831) (1800-1831) An American slave who started the largest slave rebellion in the southern United States. The rebellion led to a crackdown on slave education and meetings throughout the South. .
Grimké sisters
Sarah (1792-1873) and Angelina (1805-1879) were 19th century American Quakers who advocated abolition and women’s rights. Lectured throughout the North and were the first to act publicly in social reform movements.
Harriet Tubman
(1820-1913) An African-American abolitionist who made thirteen missions to rescue over seventy slaves on the Underground Railroad. Was known as the “Moses” and never lost a passenger in her operations.
Dorothea Dix
(1802-1887) An American activist who lobbied Congress and state legislatures for the creation of mental asylums. Served as Superintendent of Army Nurses during the Civil War.
Harriet Beecher Stowe
(1811-1896) An abolitionist author renowned for her novel Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1852). Her book attacked the cruelty of slavery and made the political issues of 1850s tangible to millions, moving anti-slavery forces in the North.
Catharine Beecher
(1800-1878) A noted American educator and sister of Harriet Beecher Stowe who supported women’s education and the incorporation of kindergarten into children’s education. Pronounced women were better educators than men.
Seneca Falls, New York
(1848) Location of the first women’s rights convention in the United States that featured leading reformers including the two below. Presented the “Declaration of Sentiments” (1833) here: “All men and women were created equal…”
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
(1815-1902) Was a leading figure of the early woman’s movement. Her Declaration of Sentiments presented at Seneca Falls is often credited for starting the first organized women’s rights and suffrage movements in the U.S.
Lucretia Mott
(1793-1880) A proponent of women’s rights credited as the first American “feminist” in the early 1800s but was more accurately, the initiator of women’s political advocacy.
Susan B. Anthony
(1820-1906) A prominent American civil rights leader who played a pivotal role in women’s rights and suffrage. Gave 75-100 speeches per year on women’s rights for 45 years.
gang-labor system
(pre-1865) The gang-labor system was a harsh but productive division of labor where field “gangs” worked under an overseer and were pushed to the maximum production. This system was essential to economic growth in the South.
“King Cotton”
(etmy. 1855) A phrase used mainly by Southern politicians and authors to demonstrate the importance of cotton to the Confederate economy during the Civil War. The South produced ¾ of the world’s cotton supply at the time.
Free African Societies
(est. 1787) Established in Philadelphia by Richard Allen for the benefit of African-Americans released from slavery. The FAS operated as a church, local government, and charity providing aid and teaching morality and temperance.
APUSH Late Nineteenth Century Notes
Social Darwinism
Social Darwinism refers to various ideologies based on a concept that competition drives social evolution in human societies. In other words, "survival of the fittest.” (e.g. "The Gospel of Wealth" by Andrew Carnegie)
Horatio Alger
(1832 – 1899)
Was a prolific 19th-century American author. Many of Alger's works have been described as rags to riches stories, illustrating how down-and-out boys might be able to achieve the American Dream.
political machine
A political organization in which an authoritative boss or small group commands the support of a corps of supporters who receive rewards for their efforts. Machines often rely on patronage and the spoils system.
Women’s Christian
Temperance Union
(est. 1873) The WCTU was founded in Evanston, Illinois in 1873. This group was founded to combat the influence of alcohol on families and society. Before Prohibition, the WCTU focused mainly on moral reform (i.e. preserving the Sabbath, aiding immigrants and trying to remove poverty).
mugwumps
(1884) The Mugwumps were Republicans who supported Democrat Grover Cleveland in the Election of 1884. They switched parties because they rejected the corruption associated with Republican James G. Blaine.
Pendleton Act
(1883) A federal law that established the US Civil Service Commission, which placed most federal government employees on the merit system. It was passed in response to President Garfield’s assassination.
McKinley Tariff of 1890
This act raised the tariff for imports to 48%. In return for its passing, the Sherman Silver Purchase Act was given Republican support. The tariff hurt farmers leading to the Free Silver movement and the Populist Party.
free silver
(late 19th century) aka the “free coinage of silver.” Advocates wanted silver to be accepted at US Mints. The price level at the time was on a deflationary trend so free silver advocates hoped to cause inflation by minting more silver dollars.
“Rum, Romanism, Rebellion”
Rev. Dr. Samuel Burchard’s attack on the Democrats. The statement energized the Catholic vote in New York City heavily against Blaine, costing him New York and the election by the narrowest of margins.
Populism
Populism is a discourse which supports "the people" versus "the elites." Populism became a popular political ideology following the McKinley Tariff of 1890.
William Jennings Bryan
(1860-1925) Was the Democratic nominee for president in 1896, 1900 and 1908. He lost in 1896 to the surprise of many Americans causing many to lose faith in American democracy (still sort of present today).
“Bi-metalism”
A monetary standard in which the value of the monetary unit is defined as equivalent either to a certain quantity of gold or silver. Such a system effectively establishes a fixed rate of exchange (e.g. 1:16) for the two metals.
Social Darwinism refers to various ideologies based on a concept that competition drives social evolution in human societies. In other words, "survival of the fittest.” (e.g. "The Gospel of Wealth" by Andrew Carnegie)
Horatio Alger
(1832 – 1899)
Was a prolific 19th-century American author. Many of Alger's works have been described as rags to riches stories, illustrating how down-and-out boys might be able to achieve the American Dream.
political machine
A political organization in which an authoritative boss or small group commands the support of a corps of supporters who receive rewards for their efforts. Machines often rely on patronage and the spoils system.
Women’s Christian
Temperance Union
(est. 1873) The WCTU was founded in Evanston, Illinois in 1873. This group was founded to combat the influence of alcohol on families and society. Before Prohibition, the WCTU focused mainly on moral reform (i.e. preserving the Sabbath, aiding immigrants and trying to remove poverty).
mugwumps
(1884) The Mugwumps were Republicans who supported Democrat Grover Cleveland in the Election of 1884. They switched parties because they rejected the corruption associated with Republican James G. Blaine.
Pendleton Act
(1883) A federal law that established the US Civil Service Commission, which placed most federal government employees on the merit system. It was passed in response to President Garfield’s assassination.
McKinley Tariff of 1890
This act raised the tariff for imports to 48%. In return for its passing, the Sherman Silver Purchase Act was given Republican support. The tariff hurt farmers leading to the Free Silver movement and the Populist Party.
free silver
(late 19th century) aka the “free coinage of silver.” Advocates wanted silver to be accepted at US Mints. The price level at the time was on a deflationary trend so free silver advocates hoped to cause inflation by minting more silver dollars.
“Rum, Romanism, Rebellion”
Rev. Dr. Samuel Burchard’s attack on the Democrats. The statement energized the Catholic vote in New York City heavily against Blaine, costing him New York and the election by the narrowest of margins.
Populism
Populism is a discourse which supports "the people" versus "the elites." Populism became a popular political ideology following the McKinley Tariff of 1890.
William Jennings Bryan
(1860-1925) Was the Democratic nominee for president in 1896, 1900 and 1908. He lost in 1896 to the surprise of many Americans causing many to lose faith in American democracy (still sort of present today).
“Bi-metalism”
A monetary standard in which the value of the monetary unit is defined as equivalent either to a certain quantity of gold or silver. Such a system effectively establishes a fixed rate of exchange (e.g. 1:16) for the two metals.
APUSH Gilded Age Key Terms
Pan-Americanism
(1889) Pan-Americanism is a movement which seeks to create cooperation between the states of the Americas in common interests. (Washington DC Conference (1889) and James Blaine)
Fredrick Jackson Turner
(1861-1932) An American historian best known for The Significance of the Frontier in American History. “The spirit and success of the United States is directly tied to the country's westward expansion.”
jingoism
(1890s) "extreme patriotism in the form of aggressive foreign policy". In other words, threatening other countries in order to safeguard what they perceive as their country's national interests.
“Remember the Maine”
(etym. 1898) The sinking of the Maine on February 15, 1898 precipitated the Spanish-American War and also popularized the phrase “Remember the Maine, To Hell with Spain!”
Teller Amendment
(1898) It placed a condition of the United States military in Cuba. According to the clause, the U.S. could not annex Cuba but only leave "control of the island to its people” and was signed into law on April 20, 1898.
George Dewey
(1837-1917) George Dewey was an admiral of the United States Navy, best known for his victory at the Battle of Manila Bay during the Spanish-American War. He was also the only Admiral of the Navy in US history.
Emilio Aguinaldo
(1869-1964) A Filipino general, politician, and independence leader who fought in the Phillipine Revolution against Spain and was critical in the Phillipine-American War. He later became the first president of the Phillipines.
Anti-Imperialist League
(est. 1898) Established in the on June 15, 1898 to battle the American annexation of the Philippines. The Anti-Imperialist League opposed annexation on economic, legal, and moral grounds.
Panama Canal
Began in 1880 by the French, under Ferdinand de Lesseps, it was ready for use by 1914. The Canal connected the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans facilitating international maritime trade.
Hey-Pauncefote Agreement
(1901) An agreement between the US and United Kingdom that nullified the Clayton-Bulwer Treaty of 1850 and gave the United States the right to create and control the Panama Canal.
Roosevelt Corollary
(1904) An amendment to the Monroe Doctrine by Roosevelt that asserted the right of the US to intervene to stabilize the economic affairs of small states in Caribbean and Central America if they were unable to pay their debts.
Dollar Diplomacy
The term used to describe the effort of the United States to further its foreign policy aims in Latin America and East Asia through use of its economic power by guaranteeing loans made to foreign countries.
“Gentlemen’s Agreement”
(1907) An informal agreement between the United States and the Empire of Japan whereby the U.S. would not impose restriction on Japanese immigration or students, and Japan would not allow further immigration to the U.S.
Root-Takahira Agreement
(1908) The agreement consisted of an official recognition of the territorial status quo as of November 1908 in exchange for American acknowledgment of Japan’s right to annex Korea and dominance over southern Manchuria.
Mexican intervention
(1914) The United States, in its pursuit of a democratic world, intervened in Mexico during its revolution by aiding Venustiano Carranza in toppling the Huerta administration and by occupying port of Veracruz in 1914.
Pancho Villa
(1878-1923) The first Mexican Revolutionary General Villa fought against Pascual Orozco alongside General Victoriano Huerta. He killed 16 Americans in 1916, invoking the occupation of Mexico led by General J.J. Pershing.
(1889) Pan-Americanism is a movement which seeks to create cooperation between the states of the Americas in common interests. (Washington DC Conference (1889) and James Blaine)
Fredrick Jackson Turner
(1861-1932) An American historian best known for The Significance of the Frontier in American History. “The spirit and success of the United States is directly tied to the country's westward expansion.”
jingoism
(1890s) "extreme patriotism in the form of aggressive foreign policy". In other words, threatening other countries in order to safeguard what they perceive as their country's national interests.
“Remember the Maine”
(etym. 1898) The sinking of the Maine on February 15, 1898 precipitated the Spanish-American War and also popularized the phrase “Remember the Maine, To Hell with Spain!”
Teller Amendment
(1898) It placed a condition of the United States military in Cuba. According to the clause, the U.S. could not annex Cuba but only leave "control of the island to its people” and was signed into law on April 20, 1898.
George Dewey
(1837-1917) George Dewey was an admiral of the United States Navy, best known for his victory at the Battle of Manila Bay during the Spanish-American War. He was also the only Admiral of the Navy in US history.
Emilio Aguinaldo
(1869-1964) A Filipino general, politician, and independence leader who fought in the Phillipine Revolution against Spain and was critical in the Phillipine-American War. He later became the first president of the Phillipines.
Anti-Imperialist League
(est. 1898) Established in the on June 15, 1898 to battle the American annexation of the Philippines. The Anti-Imperialist League opposed annexation on economic, legal, and moral grounds.
Panama Canal
Began in 1880 by the French, under Ferdinand de Lesseps, it was ready for use by 1914. The Canal connected the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans facilitating international maritime trade.
Hey-Pauncefote Agreement
(1901) An agreement between the US and United Kingdom that nullified the Clayton-Bulwer Treaty of 1850 and gave the United States the right to create and control the Panama Canal.
Roosevelt Corollary
(1904) An amendment to the Monroe Doctrine by Roosevelt that asserted the right of the US to intervene to stabilize the economic affairs of small states in Caribbean and Central America if they were unable to pay their debts.
Dollar Diplomacy
The term used to describe the effort of the United States to further its foreign policy aims in Latin America and East Asia through use of its economic power by guaranteeing loans made to foreign countries.
“Gentlemen’s Agreement”
(1907) An informal agreement between the United States and the Empire of Japan whereby the U.S. would not impose restriction on Japanese immigration or students, and Japan would not allow further immigration to the U.S.
Root-Takahira Agreement
(1908) The agreement consisted of an official recognition of the territorial status quo as of November 1908 in exchange for American acknowledgment of Japan’s right to annex Korea and dominance over southern Manchuria.
Mexican intervention
(1914) The United States, in its pursuit of a democratic world, intervened in Mexico during its revolution by aiding Venustiano Carranza in toppling the Huerta administration and by occupying port of Veracruz in 1914.
Pancho Villa
(1878-1923) The first Mexican Revolutionary General Villa fought against Pascual Orozco alongside General Victoriano Huerta. He killed 16 Americans in 1916, invoking the occupation of Mexico led by General J.J. Pershing.
APUSH World War I Key Terms
Allied Powers
(est. 1907) The Entente Powers (from Triple Entente) were the countries at war with the Central Powers during World War I. The main allies were Russia, France, and Britain.
Central Powers
The Central Powers consisted of the German Empire, the Austrian-Hungarian Empire, and the Ottoman Empire (from the Triple Alliance, 1882). They fought against the Allies in WWI.
Western Front
According to the Schlieffen Plan, the Germans were to attack west and then go east to finish off Russia. Their plan was thwarted leading to a stalemate and eventually defeat on the Western Front
Henry Ford
(1863-1947) The American founder of the Ford Motor Company and father of modern assembly lines used in mass production. His introduction of the Model T automobile revolutionized transportation and American industry.
Jeannette Rankin
(1880-1973) The first woman to be elected to the United States House of Representatives and or Congress. Her nickname was “Lady of the House.” She regularly voted against war (i.e. WWI & WWII).
John Pershing
(1860-1948) He led the American Expeditionary Force (AEF) in WWI and is the only person to be promoted in his own lifetime to the highest rank ever held in the United States Army—General of the Armies.
AEF
(est. 1917) The AEF fought alongside allied forces against the Germans in Aisne Offensive in May 1918, and fought its major action in the Meuse-Argonne Offensive in the fall of 1918. AEF troops were called “Doughboys.”
Trench Warfare
There were heavily defended trench lines with “no man’s land” in between. Both sides experienced many casualties while advancing little. Germany first used chlorine gas at the 2nd Battle of Ypres.
Bolshevik
(est. 1903) The Bolsheviks were a faction of the Marxist RSDLP led by Vladimir Lenin. During the October Revolution phase of the Russian Revolution of 1917, the Bolsheviks came to power and created the Soviet Union.
Dough boys
(etym. 1840s) Doughboy is an outdated slang term for a United States Army infantryman, best known from its use in World War I, although it dates back to the Mexican-American War of 1846-48.
Eddie Rickenbacker
(1890-1973) An American fighter ace of the 94th Aero Pursuit Squadron in World War I and Medal of Honor recipient. He fought 134 air battles and reportedly killed 26 enemy pilots.
Liberty bonds
(WWI) aka Liberty Loans, were war bonds sold during World War I to found the war. They funded two-thirds of the war’s cost but contributed to the federal government’s deficit ($1B in 1914 -> $20B in 1920).
NWLB
(est. 1918) National War Labor Board (NWLB) was an agency created in 1918 by President Woodrow Wilson. Its purpose was to arbitrate disputes between workers and employers.
Alice Paul
(1885-1977) Along with Lucy Burns and others, she led a successful campaign (with Silent Sentinels) for women's suffrage that resulted in the passage of the 19th Amendment in 1920.
Schenck v United States
(1919) A landmark case involving the question of whether Charles Schneck (Secretary of the Socialist party) possessed a First Amendment right to free speech against the draft during WWI. -> “clear and present danger” rule.
“War guilt” clause
(1919) Article 231 of the Treaty of Versailles (1919) that basically states that Germany is fully responsible for “all loss and damage.”
“irreconcilables”
This was a group of 16 Republicans that refused to support any type of League of Nations.
Henry Cabot Lodge
(1850-1924) Lodge and the Reservationists were against the League of Nations. "I have loved but one flag and I can not share that devotion and give affection to the mongrel banner invented for a league."
Article X
(1919) The controversial article of the League of Nations that many Americans felt implied an alliance. Senator Lodge and others in the Senate rallied against it and it was never ratified by the US.
J. Edgar Hoover
(1895-1972) The first Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) (est. 1935) of the United States.
Sacco and Vanzetti
Two Italian-born laborers and anarchists who were tried, convicted and executed on August 23, 1927 in Massachusetts for a murder that they likely did not commit.
Sources:
Wikipedia
library.thinkquest.org/17126/chapter/17.html
(est. 1907) The Entente Powers (from Triple Entente) were the countries at war with the Central Powers during World War I. The main allies were Russia, France, and Britain.
Central Powers
The Central Powers consisted of the German Empire, the Austrian-Hungarian Empire, and the Ottoman Empire (from the Triple Alliance, 1882). They fought against the Allies in WWI.
Western Front
According to the Schlieffen Plan, the Germans were to attack west and then go east to finish off Russia. Their plan was thwarted leading to a stalemate and eventually defeat on the Western Front
Henry Ford
(1863-1947) The American founder of the Ford Motor Company and father of modern assembly lines used in mass production. His introduction of the Model T automobile revolutionized transportation and American industry.
Jeannette Rankin
(1880-1973) The first woman to be elected to the United States House of Representatives and or Congress. Her nickname was “Lady of the House.” She regularly voted against war (i.e. WWI & WWII).
John Pershing
(1860-1948) He led the American Expeditionary Force (AEF) in WWI and is the only person to be promoted in his own lifetime to the highest rank ever held in the United States Army—General of the Armies.
AEF
(est. 1917) The AEF fought alongside allied forces against the Germans in Aisne Offensive in May 1918, and fought its major action in the Meuse-Argonne Offensive in the fall of 1918. AEF troops were called “Doughboys.”
Trench Warfare
There were heavily defended trench lines with “no man’s land” in between. Both sides experienced many casualties while advancing little. Germany first used chlorine gas at the 2nd Battle of Ypres.
Bolshevik
(est. 1903) The Bolsheviks were a faction of the Marxist RSDLP led by Vladimir Lenin. During the October Revolution phase of the Russian Revolution of 1917, the Bolsheviks came to power and created the Soviet Union.
Dough boys
(etym. 1840s) Doughboy is an outdated slang term for a United States Army infantryman, best known from its use in World War I, although it dates back to the Mexican-American War of 1846-48.
Eddie Rickenbacker
(1890-1973) An American fighter ace of the 94th Aero Pursuit Squadron in World War I and Medal of Honor recipient. He fought 134 air battles and reportedly killed 26 enemy pilots.
Liberty bonds
(WWI) aka Liberty Loans, were war bonds sold during World War I to found the war. They funded two-thirds of the war’s cost but contributed to the federal government’s deficit ($1B in 1914 -> $20B in 1920).
NWLB
(est. 1918) National War Labor Board (NWLB) was an agency created in 1918 by President Woodrow Wilson. Its purpose was to arbitrate disputes between workers and employers.
Alice Paul
(1885-1977) Along with Lucy Burns and others, she led a successful campaign (with Silent Sentinels) for women's suffrage that resulted in the passage of the 19th Amendment in 1920.
Schenck v United States
(1919) A landmark case involving the question of whether Charles Schneck (Secretary of the Socialist party) possessed a First Amendment right to free speech against the draft during WWI. -> “clear and present danger” rule.
“War guilt” clause
(1919) Article 231 of the Treaty of Versailles (1919) that basically states that Germany is fully responsible for “all loss and damage.”
“irreconcilables”
This was a group of 16 Republicans that refused to support any type of League of Nations.
Henry Cabot Lodge
(1850-1924) Lodge and the Reservationists were against the League of Nations. "I have loved but one flag and I can not share that devotion and give affection to the mongrel banner invented for a league."
Article X
(1919) The controversial article of the League of Nations that many Americans felt implied an alliance. Senator Lodge and others in the Senate rallied against it and it was never ratified by the US.
J. Edgar Hoover
(1895-1972) The first Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) (est. 1935) of the United States.
Sacco and Vanzetti
Two Italian-born laborers and anarchists who were tried, convicted and executed on August 23, 1927 in Massachusetts for a murder that they likely did not commit.
Sources:
Wikipedia
library.thinkquest.org/171
APUSH Roaring Twenties Key Terms
Andrew W. Mellon
(1855-1937) An American banker, industrialist, philanthropist, art collector and Secretary of the Treasury from March 4, 1921 until February 12, 1932. -> Mellon Plan (reduce taxes + efficiency in government)
Federal Trade Commission
(est. 1914) An agency established in 1914 by the Federal Trade Commission Act. Its mission was the promotion of “consumer protection” and the elimination of “anti-competitive” businesses (i.e. trusts)
Albert Fall
(1861-1944) US Senator (NM) and Secretary of Interior under President Warren Harding, notorious for his involvement in the Teapot Dome scandal where he accepted bribes over oil-rich lands near Teapot Rock.
“welfare capitalism”
(early 20th century) The practice of businesses providing welfare-like services to employees: health care, housing, pensions and even sports teams.
Hawley-Smoot Tariff
(1930) An act signed into law on June 17, 1930, that raised U.S. tariffs on over 20,000 imported goods to record levels. This particular tariff contributed to the Great Depression.
Washington Conference
(1921) aka Washington Arms Conference, it was called by President Warren Harding and held in Washington from November 12, 1921 – February 6, 1922.
“Buy now, pay later”
A popular marketing motto that led consumer credit.
“flapper”
(etym. 1920) This term described a “new breed” of women who wore short skirts, bobbed their hair, and listened to jazz. The term comes from the popular Frances Marion movie, The Flapper.
General Motors
(est. 1908) Founded in Flint, Michigan and controlled by William C. Durant. By the late 1920s, GM surpassed Ford thanks to consumer financing via GMAC (est. 1919) which allowed customers purchase by credit.
The Jazz Singer
(1927) The first feature-length motion picture with synchronized dialogue sequences, its release heralded the commercial ascendance of the "talkies" and the decline of the silent film era.
Babe Ruth
(1895-1948) American MLB player from 1914-1935. He is one of the greatest sports heroes of American culture particularly known in the “Roaring Twenties” and was integral in making baseball popular.
Charles Lindbergh
(1902-1974) An American aviator famous for his nonstop flight from Roosevelt Field, NYC to Le Bourget Field, Paris in his plane Spirit of St. Louis on May 20-21, 1927. He won both the Orteig Prize as well as Medal of Honor.
1920 census
The 14th US Census conducted from January to February 1920. It determined the population to be 106 million, a 15% increase from the 92 million enumerated during the 1910 census.
Ku Klux Klan
A secret organization made popular by D.W. Griffin’s Birth of a Nation (1915). They were anti – F/C/B/J/P/C/I/R/B/G/A/B-C. The KKK was nearly destroyed by the David Stephenson (IN) scandal.
1924 National Origins Act
aka. Immigration Act of 1924, a US federal law that limited the immigrants of any country to 2% of the number of people from that country who were already living in the United States in 1890.
American Civil
Liberties Union (ACLU)
(est. 1920) Based off of the National Civil Liberties Bureau formed during WWI, it was founded in 1920 by Crystal Eastman et al. The ACLU’s mission is to defend the constitutional rights of every individual.
John T. Scopes
(1900-1970) Teacher in Dayton, Tennessee who violated TN’s Butler Act in 1925 by teaching evolution. His case led to the Scopes Monkey Trial (1926) which revolutionized the teaching of science nationwide.
“lost generation”
(WWI) More generally, the term is used for the generation of young people coming of age in the United States during and shortly after World War I. They include Hemingway and Fitzgerald.
The Crisis
(1910) The official magazine of the NAACP founded by WEB DuBois in 1910. It published the works of many young African-American writers associated with the Harlem Renaissance.
Marcus Garvey
(1887-1940) Founder of the Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA-ACL). He advocated Garveyism, a Pan-African philosophy to inspire a global mass movement focusing on Africa.
Speakeasies
(1920-1932) A speakeasy was an establishment which illegally sold alcoholic beverages during the Prohibition (1920–1932).
(1855-1937) An American banker, industrialist, philanthropist, art collector and Secretary of the Treasury from March 4, 1921 until February 12, 1932. -> Mellon Plan (reduce taxes + efficiency in government)
Federal Trade Commission
(est. 1914) An agency established in 1914 by the Federal Trade Commission Act. Its mission was the promotion of “consumer protection” and the elimination of “anti-competitive” businesses (i.e. trusts)
Albert Fall
(1861-1944) US Senator (NM) and Secretary of Interior under President Warren Harding, notorious for his involvement in the Teapot Dome scandal where he accepted bribes over oil-rich lands near Teapot Rock.
“welfare capitalism”
(early 20th century) The practice of businesses providing welfare-like services to employees: health care, housing, pensions and even sports teams.
Hawley-Smoot Tariff
(1930) An act signed into law on June 17, 1930, that raised U.S. tariffs on over 20,000 imported goods to record levels. This particular tariff contributed to the Great Depression.
Washington Conference
(1921) aka Washington Arms Conference, it was called by President Warren Harding and held in Washington from November 12, 1921 – February 6, 1922.
“Buy now, pay later”
A popular marketing motto that led consumer credit.
“flapper”
(etym. 1920) This term described a “new breed” of women who wore short skirts, bobbed their hair, and listened to jazz. The term comes from the popular Frances Marion movie, The Flapper.
General Motors
(est. 1908) Founded in Flint, Michigan and controlled by William C. Durant. By the late 1920s, GM surpassed Ford thanks to consumer financing via GMAC (est. 1919) which allowed customers purchase by credit.
The Jazz Singer
(1927) The first feature-length motion picture with synchronized dialogue sequences, its release heralded the commercial ascendance of the "talkies" and the decline of the silent film era.
Babe Ruth
(1895-1948) American MLB player from 1914-1935. He is one of the greatest sports heroes of American culture particularly known in the “Roaring Twenties” and was integral in making baseball popular.
Charles Lindbergh
(1902-1974) An American aviator famous for his nonstop flight from Roosevelt Field, NYC to Le Bourget Field, Paris in his plane Spirit of St. Louis on May 20-21, 1927. He won both the Orteig Prize as well as Medal of Honor.
1920 census
The 14th US Census conducted from January to February 1920. It determined the population to be 106 million, a 15% increase from the 92 million enumerated during the 1910 census.
Ku Klux Klan
A secret organization made popular by D.W. Griffin’s Birth of a Nation (1915). They were anti – F/C/B/J/P/C/I/R/B/G/A/B-C.
1924 National Origins Act
aka. Immigration Act of 1924, a US federal law that limited the immigrants of any country to 2% of the number of people from that country who were already living in the United States in 1890.
American Civil
Liberties Union (ACLU)
(est. 1920) Based off of the National Civil Liberties Bureau formed during WWI, it was founded in 1920 by Crystal Eastman et al. The ACLU’s mission is to defend the constitutional rights of every individual.
John T. Scopes
(1900-1970) Teacher in Dayton, Tennessee who violated TN’s Butler Act in 1925 by teaching evolution. His case led to the Scopes Monkey Trial (1926) which revolutionized the teaching of science nationwide.
“lost generation”
(WWI) More generally, the term is used for the generation of young people coming of age in the United States during and shortly after World War I. They include Hemingway and Fitzgerald.
The Crisis
(1910) The official magazine of the NAACP founded by WEB DuBois in 1910. It published the works of many young African-American writers associated with the Harlem Renaissance.
Marcus Garvey
(1887-1940) Founder of the Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA-ACL). He advocated Garveyism, a Pan-African philosophy to inspire a global mass movement focusing on Africa.
Speakeasies
(1920-1932) A speakeasy was an establishment which illegally sold alcoholic beverages during the Prohibition (1920–1932).
APUSH Great Depression Key Terms
Chapter 24: Redefining Liberalism
“Social Welfare” Liberalism Social liberalism is a political position that supports heavier regulation of the economy and more welfare than other types of liberalism, particularly classical liberalism. Moreover, social liberals consider the accumulation of wealth and power by a small group as a threat to liberty.
Deficit Spending When the spending of a government is greater than its tax revenues. It causes the government to borrow from the “world market” increasing further debt and interest accumulated on that debt.
Keynesian Economics Keynesian economics argues that people make bad economic decisions and therefore the government should act by changing policies to stabilize the output over the business cycle.
Cultural Pluralism Cultural pluralism is a term used when small groups within a larger society maintain their unique cultural identities.
“The Hundred Days” (1933) The Hundred Days refer to most president’s first hundred days in office but mostly to FDR’s first 100 days in the White House where he and Congress passed numerous bills as part of his New Deal.
Tennessee Valley Authority (1933) The Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) was created by congressional charter in May 1933. It was one of the Alphabet Agencies and was and still is a government owned electric power provider.
Alphabet Agencies (1933) The numerous agencies crated by FDR and his New Deal. Some of the more important ones include the AAA (agriculture), CCC (conservation Corps), FDIC (deposit insurance), NRA (recovery), & WPA (works)
Schechter v. U.S. (1935) A Supreme Court decision that invalidated and declared unconstitutional regulations of the poultry industry by the National Industrial Recover Act of 1933.
Liberty League (est. 1934) A U.S. organization formed in 1934 by conservative Democrats to “defend and uphold the constitution.” The League was critical of Roosevelt, the AAA and Social Security and supported the Republicans in 1936.
Father Charles Coughlin (1891-1979) Aka Radio Priest, he used his radio program to initially promote FDR and the New Deal and later against him as he founded the National Union for Social Justice (1934). He found Roosevelt’s New Deal to be unconstitutional and proposed eliminating the Federal Reserve.
Huey Long (1893-1935) Governor of LA from 1932 to 1935. He created his program of “Share Our Wealth” in 1934 and advocated wealth distribution and was critical of the Federal Reserve. He was assassinated in 1935.
Francis Townsend (1867-1960) An American doctor known for his revolving pension plan during the Great Depression (aka Townsend Plan). His proposal influenced the establishment of the Social Security system in 1935.
Second New Deal (1935-1938) Unlike the First, which aimed at short-term relief, the Second New Deal supported labor unions, the WPA relief program, and Social Security. The Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 was the last major program of this era.
Judiciary Reorganization Bill (1937) Aka Court-packing plan. It was a legislative imitative proposed by FDR that would grant the President to appoint an additional justice to the Supreme Court for every sitting member over the age of 70 (up to 6 extra).
Works Progress Adm. (1935) Headed by Harry Hopkins, it was the largest New Deal agency, employing millions of people from all over the country. It was an extension of the Reconstruction Finance Corp (RFC) and cost nearly $7 billion.
Eleanor Roosevelt (1884-1962) Eleanor Roosevelt was the first First Lady to hold weekly press conferences. She frequently made personal appearances at labor meetings to reassure workers and also championed civil rights during FDR’s term.
Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 Aka Indian New Deal. The most significant initiative of Bureau of Indian Affairs Commissioner John Collier Sr., it reversed the Dawes Act’s privatization of common holdings and marked a return to the tribal government.
Dust Bow (1930-1936) A period of severe dust storms causing major ecological and agricultural damage that resulted from drought coupled by bad farming techniques. As a result, many farmers were displaced.
“Okies” A term referring to the migrants that left the South and Midwest due to the Dust Bowl and the AAA to work on farms on the West Coast, particularly California.
New Deal Coalition The New Deal coalition supported the New Deal and voted for Democratic presidential candidates from 1932 until approximately 1968.
Good Neighbor Policy FDR’s foreign policy toward Latin America. The United States renounced military intervention and instead relied on other methods to maintain its influence there: Pan-Americanism, loans and political subversion.
Munich Conference Aka Munich Agreement. Signed on September 3, 1938 by Germany, France, Britain, and Italy, it permitted Germany to annex Czechoslovakia’s Sudetenland.
Neutrality Act of 1935 This act imposed a general embargo on trading in arms and war materials to all parties in a war. It also declared that all travelers on warring ships did so at their own risk. Finally, it was set to expire after six months.
“cash and carry” (1936) A policy that replaced the Neutrality Acts of 1936. It allowed the sale of material to belligerents so long as they paid in full using cash and provided transportation. It was designed to keep the US neutral.
Neville Chamberlain (1869-1940) PM of the UK from 1937-1950. He was known for his involvement in the Munich Conference and his “containment” policy of Germany in 1939 that led to the declaration of war on Germany in September 1939.
“Social Welfare” Liberalism Social liberalism is a political position that supports heavier regulation of the economy and more welfare than other types of liberalism, particularly classical liberalism. Moreover, social liberals consider the accumulation of wealth and power by a small group as a threat to liberty.
Deficit Spending When the spending of a government is greater than its tax revenues. It causes the government to borrow from the “world market” increasing further debt and interest accumulated on that debt.
Keynesian Economics Keynesian economics argues that people make bad economic decisions and therefore the government should act by changing policies to stabilize the output over the business cycle.
Cultural Pluralism Cultural pluralism is a term used when small groups within a larger society maintain their unique cultural identities.
“The Hundred Days” (1933) The Hundred Days refer to most president’s first hundred days in office but mostly to FDR’s first 100 days in the White House where he and Congress passed numerous bills as part of his New Deal.
Tennessee Valley Authority (1933) The Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) was created by congressional charter in May 1933. It was one of the Alphabet Agencies and was and still is a government owned electric power provider.
Alphabet Agencies (1933) The numerous agencies crated by FDR and his New Deal. Some of the more important ones include the AAA (agriculture), CCC (conservation Corps), FDIC (deposit insurance), NRA (recovery), & WPA (works)
Schechter v. U.S. (1935) A Supreme Court decision that invalidated and declared unconstitutional regulations of the poultry industry by the National Industrial Recover Act of 1933.
Liberty League (est. 1934) A U.S. organization formed in 1934 by conservative Democrats to “defend and uphold the constitution.” The League was critical of Roosevelt, the AAA and Social Security and supported the Republicans in 1936.
Father Charles Coughlin (1891-1979) Aka Radio Priest, he used his radio program to initially promote FDR and the New Deal and later against him as he founded the National Union for Social Justice (1934). He found Roosevelt’s New Deal to be unconstitutional and proposed eliminating the Federal Reserve.
Huey Long (1893-1935) Governor of LA from 1932 to 1935. He created his program of “Share Our Wealth” in 1934 and advocated wealth distribution and was critical of the Federal Reserve. He was assassinated in 1935.
Francis Townsend (1867-1960) An American doctor known for his revolving pension plan during the Great Depression (aka Townsend Plan). His proposal influenced the establishment of the Social Security system in 1935.
Second New Deal (1935-1938) Unlike the First, which aimed at short-term relief, the Second New Deal supported labor unions, the WPA relief program, and Social Security. The Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 was the last major program of this era.
Judiciary Reorganization Bill (1937) Aka Court-packing plan. It was a legislative imitative proposed by FDR that would grant the President to appoint an additional justice to the Supreme Court for every sitting member over the age of 70 (up to 6 extra).
Works Progress Adm. (1935) Headed by Harry Hopkins, it was the largest New Deal agency, employing millions of people from all over the country. It was an extension of the Reconstruction Finance Corp (RFC) and cost nearly $7 billion.
Eleanor Roosevelt (1884-1962) Eleanor Roosevelt was the first First Lady to hold weekly press conferences. She frequently made personal appearances at labor meetings to reassure workers and also championed civil rights during FDR’s term.
Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 Aka Indian New Deal. The most significant initiative of Bureau of Indian Affairs Commissioner John Collier Sr., it reversed the Dawes Act’s privatization of common holdings and marked a return to the tribal government.
Dust Bow (1930-1936) A period of severe dust storms causing major ecological and agricultural damage that resulted from drought coupled by bad farming techniques. As a result, many farmers were displaced.
“Okies” A term referring to the migrants that left the South and Midwest due to the Dust Bowl and the AAA to work on farms on the West Coast, particularly California.
New Deal Coalition The New Deal coalition supported the New Deal and voted for Democratic presidential candidates from 1932 until approximately 1968.
Good Neighbor Policy FDR’s foreign policy toward Latin America. The United States renounced military intervention and instead relied on other methods to maintain its influence there: Pan-Americanism, loans and political subversion.
Munich Conference Aka Munich Agreement. Signed on September 3, 1938 by Germany, France, Britain, and Italy, it permitted Germany to annex Czechoslovakia’s Sudetenland.
Neutrality Act of 1935 This act imposed a general embargo on trading in arms and war materials to all parties in a war. It also declared that all travelers on warring ships did so at their own risk. Finally, it was set to expire after six months.
“cash and carry” (1936) A policy that replaced the Neutrality Acts of 1936. It allowed the sale of material to belligerents so long as they paid in full using cash and provided transportation. It was designed to keep the US neutral.
Neville Chamberlain (1869-1940) PM of the UK from 1937-1950. He was known for his involvement in the Munich Conference and his “containment” policy of Germany in 1939 that led to the declaration of war on Germany in September 1939.
APUSH World War II Key Terms
Blitzkrieg (aprox. 1939)
German for “lightning war.” It’s a term that describes the military doctrine of an all-mechanized force concentrating its attack on a small section of the enemy front” and then going straight through.
Fascism
An authoritarian nationalist ideology that aims to create a government led by a dictator who requires individuals to subordinate self-interest to the collective interest of the nation or race.
National Socialism (~1920)
Basically Nazism, ideology of the German Nazi Party (National Socialist German Workers' Party, or NSDAP), which was led by Adolf Hitler.
America First Committee(1940)
The largest antiwar organization in US history and foremost non-interventionist (isolationist) group against American entry into World War II.
Appeasement(1937-39)
The policy of “Settling international quarrels through rational negotiation, thereby avoiding the resort to an armed conflict.” It most often refers to the foreign policy of PM Neville Chamberlain (1937-39).
Lend-Lease Act(1941)
Act that allowed the president to lend (war) supplies to any nation deemed “vital to the defense of the United States.” This was a decisive step away from isolationism.
Atlantic Charter(1941)
The blueprint for the post-WWII world drafted by Churchill and Roosevelt in 1941. The Charter was the foundation to the UN and independence of British and French possessions.
Henry Kaiser(1882-1967)
A shipyard manager in charge of the Kaiser Shipyard in California. He became famous for the fast production of Liberty Ships and was world-renowned when his teams built a 10,500-ton ship in 4 days.
Office of Price Adm. (OPA) (1941)
Executive Order 8875. The functions of the OPA were originally to stabilize prices and rents after the outbreak of World War II. It had the power to place ceilings on all prices except agricultural commodities.
“Rosie the Riveter”
A cultural icon representing the American women who worked in war factories during World War II. The poster was by J.H. Miller but Norman Rockwell popularized the name.
National War Labor Board (#2)(1942)
Reestablished by FDR in January 1942. It acted as an arbitrator in labor-management disputes, preventing work stoppages, and administrated wage control in national industries.
League of United Latin American Citizens(1929)
The LULAC is a political advocacy group for Latinos in the US. Founded in 1929 in Corpus Christi, Texas, LULAC is the nation's oldest Hispanic advocacy organization.
Thomas Dewey(1902-1971)
The Governor of New York and the unsuccessful Republican candidate for the U.S. Presidency in 1944 and 1948. He represented the business community, the “Eastern Establishment.”
Executive Order 9066(1942)
An order issued by FDR on February 19, 1942, using his authority as Commander-in-Chief to exercise war powers to send ethnic groups to internment camps.
A. Philip Randolph(1889-1979)
The founder of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, a landmark for labor and particularly for African-American labor organizing.He fought for socialism and trade unionism and eventually succeeded.
“Double V”
The term referring to “Victory over fascism abroad, and victory over discrimination at home.”
OWI(1942)
Office of War Information. Coordinated the release of war news for domestic use, worked to promote patriotism and recruit women workers. It established the Voice of America, the official US broadcaster.
“zoot suiters”
A style of clothing popularized mainly by Hispanic Americans. They were very popular among young Mexican Americans, especially pachucos in Los Angeles. The Zoot Suit Riots get its name from them.
Korematsu v. U.S.(1944)
Landmark Supreme Court case concerning the constitutionality of Executive order 9066. In a 6-3 decision, the Court sided with the government.
Second front
The idea that the West would launch an offensive from the west to relieve Russian troops fighting off Hitler in Europe. It wasn’t until June 6, 1944 (D-Day) that the other countries launched the second front.
Dwight D. Eisenhower(1890-1969)
The 34th president from 1953-1961, he was a five-star general in the US Army. During WWII, he served as the Supreme Commander of the Allied forces in Europe and later the first commander of NATO.
D-Day (June 6, 1944)
The day the Invasion of Normandy began. Originally set to be June 5, weather caused Eisenhower to delay until June 6. This is one of three significant turning points in WWII (other 2: Stalingrad & Midway)
V-E Day (May 8, 1945)
Victory in Europe Day. The day the Allies accepted the unconditional surrender of Nazi Germany and the end of the Third Reich. Due to Hitler’s suicide, German president Karl Dönitz took his place.
Casablanca Conference(1943) (aka SYMBOL)
A conference held in Morocco in January 1943 to plan Allied strategy during WWII. The Casablanca Declaration called for the unconditional surrender of the Axis.
Teheran Conference1943 (aka EUREKA)
A meeting between Stalin, FDR and Churchill in Tehran, Iran. It was the first conference among the Big Three and centered on the opening of a second front in Western Europe.
Yalta Conference(1945)
A wartime meeting among the Big Three for the purpose of discussing Europe’s post war reorganization. Mainly, it was intended to discuss the reestablishment of nations conquered by Germany.
Holocaust
It never happened, duh!. JK! Just making sure you were reading.The term, as you all know (unless your name is Mahmoud Ahmadinejad), describes - the genocide of approximately 6 million European Jews during WWII; the result of deliberate extermination planned and executed by Nazi Germany.
Hiroshima and Nagasaki
Atomic bombings approved by Truman. August 6, 1945 – Hiroshima (bomb: “Little Boy”). August 9, 1945 – Nagasaki (bomb: “Fat Man”). Six days later Japan announced its surrender (Aug. 15) after 140K died and 80K were injured.
United Nations
An international organization founded in 1945 after WWII to replace the League of Nations, to stop wars, and to provide a platform for dialogue. The UN is headed by the General Assembly (GA).
Manhattan Project The project to develop the first nuclear weapon during WWII. The project ran from 1942-1946 and was directed by physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer.
German for “lightning war.” It’s a term that describes the military doctrine of an all-mechanized force concentrating its attack on a small section of the enemy front” and then going straight through.
Fascism
An authoritarian nationalist ideology that aims to create a government led by a dictator who requires individuals to subordinate self-interest to the collective interest of the nation or race.
National Socialism (~1920)
Basically Nazism, ideology of the German Nazi Party (National Socialist German Workers' Party, or NSDAP), which was led by Adolf Hitler.
America First Committee(1940)
The largest antiwar organization in US history and foremost non-interventionist (isolationist) group against American entry into World War II.
Appeasement(1937-39)
The policy of “Settling international quarrels through rational negotiation, thereby avoiding the resort to an armed conflict.” It most often refers to the foreign policy of PM Neville Chamberlain (1937-39).
Lend-Lease Act(1941)
Act that allowed the president to lend (war) supplies to any nation deemed “vital to the defense of the United States.” This was a decisive step away from isolationism.
Atlantic Charter(1941)
The blueprint for the post-WWII world drafted by Churchill and Roosevelt in 1941. The Charter was the foundation to the UN and independence of British and French possessions.
Henry Kaiser(1882-1967)
A shipyard manager in charge of the Kaiser Shipyard in California. He became famous for the fast production of Liberty Ships and was world-renowned when his teams built a 10,500-ton ship in 4 days.
Office of Price Adm. (OPA) (1941)
Executive Order 8875. The functions of the OPA were originally to stabilize prices and rents after the outbreak of World War II. It had the power to place ceilings on all prices except agricultural commodities.
“Rosie the Riveter”
A cultural icon representing the American women who worked in war factories during World War II. The poster was by J.H. Miller but Norman Rockwell popularized the name.
National War Labor Board (#2)(1942)
Reestablished by FDR in January 1942. It acted as an arbitrator in labor-management disputes, preventing work stoppages, and administrated wage control in national industries.
League of United Latin American Citizens(1929)
The LULAC is a political advocacy group for Latinos in the US. Founded in 1929 in Corpus Christi, Texas, LULAC is the nation's oldest Hispanic advocacy organization.
Thomas Dewey(1902-1971)
The Governor of New York and the unsuccessful Republican candidate for the U.S. Presidency in 1944 and 1948. He represented the business community, the “Eastern Establishment.”
Executive Order 9066(1942)
An order issued by FDR on February 19, 1942, using his authority as Commander-in-Chief to exercise war powers to send ethnic groups to internment camps.
A. Philip Randolph(1889-1979)
The founder of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, a landmark for labor and particularly for African-American labor organizing.He fought for socialism and trade unionism and eventually succeeded.
“Double V”
The term referring to “Victory over fascism abroad, and victory over discrimination at home.”
OWI(1942)
Office of War Information. Coordinated the release of war news for domestic use, worked to promote patriotism and recruit women workers. It established the Voice of America, the official US broadcaster.
“zoot suiters”
A style of clothing popularized mainly by Hispanic Americans. They were very popular among young Mexican Americans, especially pachucos in Los Angeles. The Zoot Suit Riots get its name from them.
Korematsu v. U.S.(1944)
Landmark Supreme Court case concerning the constitutionality of Executive order 9066. In a 6-3 decision, the Court sided with the government.
Second front
The idea that the West would launch an offensive from the west to relieve Russian troops fighting off Hitler in Europe. It wasn’t until June 6, 1944 (D-Day) that the other countries launched the second front.
Dwight D. Eisenhower(1890-1969)
The 34th president from 1953-1961, he was a five-star general in the US Army. During WWII, he served as the Supreme Commander of the Allied forces in Europe and later the first commander of NATO.
D-Day (June 6, 1944)
The day the Invasion of Normandy began. Originally set to be June 5, weather caused Eisenhower to delay until June 6. This is one of three significant turning points in WWII (other 2: Stalingrad & Midway)
V-E Day (May 8, 1945)
Victory in Europe Day. The day the Allies accepted the unconditional surrender of Nazi Germany and the end of the Third Reich. Due to Hitler’s suicide, German president Karl Dönitz took his place.
Casablanca Conference(1943) (aka SYMBOL)
A conference held in Morocco in January 1943 to plan Allied strategy during WWII. The Casablanca Declaration called for the unconditional surrender of the Axis.
Teheran Conference1943 (aka EUREKA)
A meeting between Stalin, FDR and Churchill in Tehran, Iran. It was the first conference among the Big Three and centered on the opening of a second front in Western Europe.
Yalta Conference(1945)
A wartime meeting among the Big Three for the purpose of discussing Europe’s post war reorganization. Mainly, it was intended to discuss the reestablishment of nations conquered by Germany.
Holocaust
It never happened, duh!. JK! Just making sure you were reading.The term, as you all know (unless your name is Mahmoud Ahmadinejad), describes - the genocide of approximately 6 million European Jews during WWII; the result of deliberate extermination planned and executed by Nazi Germany.
Hiroshima and Nagasaki
Atomic bombings approved by Truman. August 6, 1945 – Hiroshima (bomb: “Little Boy”). August 9, 1945 – Nagasaki (bomb: “Fat Man”). Six days later Japan announced its surrender (Aug. 15) after 140K died and 80K were injured.
United Nations
An international organization founded in 1945 after WWII to replace the League of Nations, to stop wars, and to provide a platform for dialogue. The UN is headed by the General Assembly (GA).
Manhattan Project The project to develop the first nuclear weapon during WWII. The project ran from 1942-1946 and was directed by physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer.
APUSH Cold War Key Terms
Chapter 26: Cold War America
Yalta Conference(Feb. 1945) A wartime meeting between the Big Three to discuss Europe’s postwar reorganization. The division of Germany was later decided at the Potsdam conference.
Baruch Plan(1946) A proposal by the US to the UN Atomic Energy Commission (UNAEC) to allow the exchange of basic scientific information, control the use of atomic energy, eliminate weapons of mass destruction and establish safeguards by way of inspection.
George Kennan(1904-2005) “The father of containment” His "Long Telegram" (1946), "The Sources of Soviet Conduct" (1947) argued that the Soviet regime’s influence had to be "contained" in areas of vital strategic importance to the United States.
Containment Containment was a United States policy uniting military, economic, and diplomatic strategies to limit the spread of Communism, enhance America’s security and influence abroad, and prevent a "domino effect".
Truman Doctrine(March 1947) A foreign policy declared by President Truman in an address to Congress asking for $400M in aid to Greece and Turkey to prevent their falling to Soviet Control. -> The US believes in “a way of life free of coercion.”
Marshall Plan(July 1947) Aka European Recovery Program (ERP). Named for Sec. Of State George Marshall, it was the primary plan of the United States for rebuilding Western Europe and repelling communism. It was largely successful in each country it had been implemented in.
NATO(1949) North Atlantic Treaty Organization. It was a military alliance established by the North Atlantic treaty in April 1949. It constitutes a system of collective defense whose purpose was "to keep the Russians out, the Americans in, and the Germans down".
Mao Zedong(1893-1976) Mao led the Communist Party of China (CPC) to victory against the Kuomintang (KMT) in the Chinese Civil War and was the leader of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) from 1949 to his death in 1976.
National Security Act(1947) Signed by Pres. Truman in 1947. It merged the Dept. of War with Dept of Navy to create the National Military Establishment (later DOD, dept of defense). It established the National Security Council and also the Central Intelligence Agency.
NSC-68(April 1950) National Security Council Report 68 was a report by the US NSC on April 14, 1950. It basically argued that the US should use military action to pursue containment and protect the world from communism.
38th Parallel After Japanese surrender in 1945, Dean Rusk and Charles Bonesteel of the US State-War Navy Coordinating Committee established it as the boundary between North and South Korea during August 1945.
Taft-Hartley Act(1947) Aka Labor-Management Relations Act. It was a US federal law that greatly restricted activities and power of labor unions. It was in response to the post-WWII labor upsurge of 1946 (5M workers were involved in strikes that year).
Fair Deal(1949) Mentioned in his State of the Union address in 1949, it was a series of social and economic reforms. The Fair Deal addressed the NAACP, passed the Housing Act of 1949 (public housing) and the Social Security Act of 1950.
HUAC(1938) House Committee on Un-American Activities. It was chaired by Martin Dies Jr. and launched an investigation into internal subversion of the government and other organizations. HUAC is associated with McCarthy and the Hollywood Ten.
Blacklist A blacklist is a list of persons who are being denied something. An example is the 1947 Hollywood blacklist which contained people who refused to provide evidence for a HUAC investigation.
McCarthyism(1950s) McCarthyism is the politically motivated practice of making accusations of disloyalty, subversion, or treason without proper regard for evidence. This refers to the anti-communist pursuits of Senator Joseph McCarthy.
Liberal Conscience A conscience vote or free vote is a type of vote in a legislative body where legislators are each expected to vote according to their own personal conscience rather than according to an official line set down by their political party.??
Domino Theory(1954) A foreign policy theory that speculated that if one land in a region came under the influence of communism, then the surrounding countries would follow in a domino theory.
MAD A doctrine of military strategy in which a full-scale use of nuclear weapons by two opposing sides would effectively result in the destruction of both the attacker and the defender.
“military-industrial complex” MIC is a concept that refers to policy relationships between governments, armed forces and industrial support. Governments pay for military related R&D which benefits industries which in turn benefits governments.
Chapter 27: The Age of Affluence
Bretton Woods System(1944) A UN conference in New Hampshire that set up the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) aka World Bank, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), and the International Monetary Fund (IMF).
The Affluent Society(1958) A book by economist John Kenneth Galbraith. The book outlined how post-WWII America was becoming wealthy while many remained poor.
Shelley v. Kraemer(1948) A black family purchased a house in Missouri in 1945. However, a restrictive covenant, enforced by their neighbors, kept them out. The Supreme Court ruled that restrictive covenants were illegal although the practice remained for some time.
The Feminine Mystique(1963) Betty Friedan. The book brought to light the lack of fulfillment in many women’s lives, which was generally kept hidden.
Peace Corps(1961) Established in 1961 by the Peace Corp Act, the Peace Corps’ purpose was to “promote world peace and friendship” by providing “trained manpower” to people of countries that need it.
The Warren Court(1953-1969) The Warren Court ended racial segregation, incorporated the Bill of Rights, and ended officially-sanctioned mandatory prayer in public schools. Some famous cases: Brown vs. Board of Education, Miranda v. Arizona, and Engel v. Vitale.
Brown v. Board of Education(1954) This was a landmark Supreme Court case that ended the era of legal segregation that had been established by the 1896 case Plessy v. Furgeson. -> civil rights movement.
Montgomery bus boycott(1955) After Rosa Parks was arrested, a year of boycotting the Montgomery buses ensued, with some boycotts being led by Marin Luther King Jr. The boycotts were largely the impetus for the Civil Rights Movement.
SNCC(est. 1960) Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee. It started from student meetings led by Ella Baker. The SNCC played a major role in sit-ins and freedom rides, and especially in the 1963 March on Washington.
Yalta Conference(Feb. 1945) A wartime meeting between the Big Three to discuss Europe’s postwar reorganization. The division of Germany was later decided at the Potsdam conference.
Baruch Plan(1946) A proposal by the US to the UN Atomic Energy Commission (UNAEC) to allow the exchange of basic scientific information, control the use of atomic energy, eliminate weapons of mass destruction and establish safeguards by way of inspection.
George Kennan(1904-2005) “The father of containment” His "Long Telegram" (1946), "The Sources of Soviet Conduct" (1947) argued that the Soviet regime’s influence had to be "contained" in areas of vital strategic importance to the United States.
Containment Containment was a United States policy uniting military, economic, and diplomatic strategies to limit the spread of Communism, enhance America’s security and influence abroad, and prevent a "domino effect".
Truman Doctrine(March 1947) A foreign policy declared by President Truman in an address to Congress asking for $400M in aid to Greece and Turkey to prevent their falling to Soviet Control. -> The US believes in “a way of life free of coercion.”
Marshall Plan(July 1947) Aka European Recovery Program (ERP). Named for Sec. Of State George Marshall, it was the primary plan of the United States for rebuilding Western Europe and repelling communism. It was largely successful in each country it had been implemented in.
NATO(1949) North Atlantic Treaty Organization. It was a military alliance established by the North Atlantic treaty in April 1949. It constitutes a system of collective defense whose purpose was "to keep the Russians out, the Americans in, and the Germans down".
Mao Zedong(1893-1976) Mao led the Communist Party of China (CPC) to victory against the Kuomintang (KMT) in the Chinese Civil War and was the leader of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) from 1949 to his death in 1976.
National Security Act(1947) Signed by Pres. Truman in 1947. It merged the Dept. of War with Dept of Navy to create the National Military Establishment (later DOD, dept of defense). It established the National Security Council and also the Central Intelligence Agency.
NSC-68(April 1950) National Security Council Report 68 was a report by the US NSC on April 14, 1950. It basically argued that the US should use military action to pursue containment and protect the world from communism.
38th Parallel After Japanese surrender in 1945, Dean Rusk and Charles Bonesteel of the US State-War Navy Coordinating Committee established it as the boundary between North and South Korea during August 1945.
Taft-Hartley Act(1947) Aka Labor-Management Relations Act. It was a US federal law that greatly restricted activities and power of labor unions. It was in response to the post-WWII labor upsurge of 1946 (5M workers were involved in strikes that year).
Fair Deal(1949) Mentioned in his State of the Union address in 1949, it was a series of social and economic reforms. The Fair Deal addressed the NAACP, passed the Housing Act of 1949 (public housing) and the Social Security Act of 1950.
HUAC(1938) House Committee on Un-American Activities. It was chaired by Martin Dies Jr. and launched an investigation into internal subversion of the government and other organizations. HUAC is associated with McCarthy and the Hollywood Ten.
Blacklist A blacklist is a list of persons who are being denied something. An example is the 1947 Hollywood blacklist which contained people who refused to provide evidence for a HUAC investigation.
McCarthyism(1950s) McCarthyism is the politically motivated practice of making accusations of disloyalty, subversion, or treason without proper regard for evidence. This refers to the anti-communist pursuits of Senator Joseph McCarthy.
Liberal Conscience A conscience vote or free vote is a type of vote in a legislative body where legislators are each expected to vote according to their own personal conscience rather than according to an official line set down by their political party.??
Domino Theory(1954) A foreign policy theory that speculated that if one land in a region came under the influence of communism, then the surrounding countries would follow in a domino theory.
MAD A doctrine of military strategy in which a full-scale use of nuclear weapons by two opposing sides would effectively result in the destruction of both the attacker and the defender.
“military-industrial complex” MIC is a concept that refers to policy relationships between governments, armed forces and industrial support. Governments pay for military related R&D which benefits industries which in turn benefits governments.
Chapter 27: The Age of Affluence
Bretton Woods System(1944) A UN conference in New Hampshire that set up the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) aka World Bank, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), and the International Monetary Fund (IMF).
The Affluent Society(1958) A book by economist John Kenneth Galbraith. The book outlined how post-WWII America was becoming wealthy while many remained poor.
Shelley v. Kraemer(1948) A black family purchased a house in Missouri in 1945. However, a restrictive covenant, enforced by their neighbors, kept them out. The Supreme Court ruled that restrictive covenants were illegal although the practice remained for some time.
The Feminine Mystique(1963) Betty Friedan. The book brought to light the lack of fulfillment in many women’s lives, which was generally kept hidden.
Peace Corps(1961) Established in 1961 by the Peace Corp Act, the Peace Corps’ purpose was to “promote world peace and friendship” by providing “trained manpower” to people of countries that need it.
The Warren Court(1953-1969) The Warren Court ended racial segregation, incorporated the Bill of Rights, and ended officially-sanctioned mandatory prayer in public schools. Some famous cases: Brown vs. Board of Education, Miranda v. Arizona, and Engel v. Vitale.
Brown v. Board of Education(1954) This was a landmark Supreme Court case that ended the era of legal segregation that had been established by the 1896 case Plessy v. Furgeson. -> civil rights movement.
Montgomery bus boycott(1955) After Rosa Parks was arrested, a year of boycotting the Montgomery buses ensued, with some boycotts being led by Marin Luther King Jr. The boycotts were largely the impetus for the Civil Rights Movement.
SNCC(est. 1960) Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee. It started from student meetings led by Ella Baker. The SNCC played a major role in sit-ins and freedom rides, and especially in the 1963 March on Washington.
APUSH Cold War Questions
1.Analyze the influence of TWO of the following on American-Soviet relations in the decade following the Second World War.
Yalta Conference Communist Revolution in China
Korean War McCarthyism
2.What were the Cold War fears of the American people in the aftermath of the Second World War? How successfully did the administration of President Dwight D. Eisenhower address these fears?
3.In what ways did the administration of Lyndon B. Johnson respond to the political, economic and social problems in the United States? Assess the effectiveness of these responses.*
4.1968 was a turning point for the United States. To what extent is this assessment accurate? In your answer, discuss TWO of the following.
National Politics Vietnam War Civil Rights
1. American-Soviet relations :
Yalta Conference (1945) – divided Germany into four zones between British, French, American and the Soviets and did the same to the city of Berlin. Because Berlin was in Soviet territory, it caused tension between the Soviets and the Americans. When the Soviets blockaded Berlin in 1948, the Americans, proving their commitment to the Truman doctrine of 1947, started the massive Berlin Airlift to bring supplies to the people of Berlin. Eventually, the Soviets relented, but this event showed tensions between the two superpowers.
The Korean War began in 1950 and was primarily a proxy war between the US and the USSR. The problem was that both North Korea's leader and South Korea's leader wanted to unite Korea which had been previously split at the 38th parallel. The Soviets were interested in a Communist controlled state while the United States vouched for a democratic society. Aided by Soviet tanks, weapons and funds, North Korea initiated an assault against South Korea. When the United Nations declared this illegal, the United States and other nations intervened on behalf of South Korea. The conflict eventually ended in 1953 but showed how intent the Soviets and Americans were at spreading their respective ideologies.
2.Cold War Fears and Eisenhower
Following World War II, there was a “Red Scare.” Fueled by the accusations of Senator Joseph McCarthy, American politics turned into a modern-day Salem Witch trial. People were accused left and right with no evidence to back up claims, yet despite how untrue those claims may have been, many of the accused lost their livelihoods. A striking example of this was the Hollywood Ten, a group of writers and directors in Hollywood who stuck up to the House Committee on Un-American Activities (HUAC) in 1947.
On the international level, President Eisenhower and his Secretary of State John Dulles shaped US foreign policy to be consistent with George Kennan's theory of containment. In response to Soviet nuclear stockpiles, Eisenhowever responded with the New Look defense policy. In Vietnam, after the French withdrew as compliant with the Geneva Accords, the United States intervened. For the Chinese Civil War, the United States openly backed the more democratic Nationalists. Although Eisenhowever “lost” China at the end, his attempts to contain Communism were well recorded and showed the United States' commitment to a democratic world.
3. LBJ's Administration
In response to economic problems, President Johnson designed the “Great Society.” His reforms were similar to those of President Roosevelts' in that they served to help the disabled or unemployed. During Johnson's presidency, he initiated a “War on Poverty” and helped pass Medicare (health care for the elderly) and Medicaid (health care for the poor). In regards to education, Johnson helped pass the Higher Education Act of 1965 which would provide financial assistance to lower income children who wanted to go to college.
On the Civil Rights front, he helped pass the Civil Rights Act of 1964, a momentous achievement for civil rights activists. The next year, he passed the Voting Rights Act and in 1967, nominated Thurgood Marshall to the Supreme Court which would lead to an era of liberal court cases.
In politics, Johnson continued the policy of containment in Vietnam. Under the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, he initiated US involvement in the ground war in Vietnam. Although President Johnson sought to help the civil rights movement and aid the poor, the Vietnam War often impeded and delayed necessary reforms. Johnson tried to help, but because of US involvement in Vietnam, many of his goals failed to be met and many Americans were upset with him.
4.1968: Politics, Vietnam, Civil Rights
1968 was a turning point for National Politics and the Civil Rights movement. In 1968, support for the Vietnam war had fallen greatly particularly thanks to the Tet Offensive that revealed that Americans were making little progress in Vietnam. In the same year, presidential candidate Robert F. Kennedy was shot and killed and at the Democratic National Convention, there were confrontations between police and protestors. In the Election of 1968, Richard Nixon went primarily against Democrat Hubert Humphrey. Although they won around the same amount of the popular vote, Nixon won by more than 100 electoral votes and thus the election.
On April 4, 1968, Martin Luther King was shot in Memphis, Tennessee. Martin Luther King was a strong leader of the Civil Rights Movement who advocated nonviolent protest and initiated the successful Montgomery Bus Boycotts. Due to this death, riots across the nation sprung up causing millions of dollars of property damage, hundreds of deaths, and thousands of arrests. Although King would die from his injuries at around 7pm at St. Joseph's Hospital, his legacy would survive him and help pass the Civil Rights Act of 1968.
Yalta Conference Communist Revolution in China
Korean War McCarthyism
2.What were the Cold War fears of the American people in the aftermath of the Second World War? How successfully did the administration of President Dwight D. Eisenhower address these fears?
3.In what ways did the administration of Lyndon B. Johnson respond to the political, economic and social problems in the United States? Assess the effectiveness of these responses.*
4.1968 was a turning point for the United States. To what extent is this assessment accurate? In your answer, discuss TWO of the following.
National Politics Vietnam War Civil Rights
1. American-Soviet relations :
Yalta Conference (1945) – divided Germany into four zones between British, French, American and the Soviets and did the same to the city of Berlin. Because Berlin was in Soviet territory, it caused tension between the Soviets and the Americans. When the Soviets blockaded Berlin in 1948, the Americans, proving their commitment to the Truman doctrine of 1947, started the massive Berlin Airlift to bring supplies to the people of Berlin. Eventually, the Soviets relented, but this event showed tensions between the two superpowers.
The Korean War began in 1950 and was primarily a proxy war between the US and the USSR. The problem was that both North Korea's leader and South Korea's leader wanted to unite Korea which had been previously split at the 38th parallel. The Soviets were interested in a Communist controlled state while the United States vouched for a democratic society. Aided by Soviet tanks, weapons and funds, North Korea initiated an assault against South Korea. When the United Nations declared this illegal, the United States and other nations intervened on behalf of South Korea. The conflict eventually ended in 1953 but showed how intent the Soviets and Americans were at spreading their respective ideologies.
2.Cold War Fears and Eisenhower
Following World War II, there was a “Red Scare.” Fueled by the accusations of Senator Joseph McCarthy, American politics turned into a modern-day Salem Witch trial. People were accused left and right with no evidence to back up claims, yet despite how untrue those claims may have been, many of the accused lost their livelihoods. A striking example of this was the Hollywood Ten, a group of writers and directors in Hollywood who stuck up to the House Committee on Un-American Activities (HUAC) in 1947.
On the international level, President Eisenhower and his Secretary of State John Dulles shaped US foreign policy to be consistent with George Kennan's theory of containment. In response to Soviet nuclear stockpiles, Eisenhowever responded with the New Look defense policy. In Vietnam, after the French withdrew as compliant with the Geneva Accords, the United States intervened. For the Chinese Civil War, the United States openly backed the more democratic Nationalists. Although Eisenhowever “lost” China at the end, his attempts to contain Communism were well recorded and showed the United States' commitment to a democratic world.
3. LBJ's Administration
In response to economic problems, President Johnson designed the “Great Society.” His reforms were similar to those of President Roosevelts' in that they served to help the disabled or unemployed. During Johnson's presidency, he initiated a “War on Poverty” and helped pass Medicare (health care for the elderly) and Medicaid (health care for the poor). In regards to education, Johnson helped pass the Higher Education Act of 1965 which would provide financial assistance to lower income children who wanted to go to college.
On the Civil Rights front, he helped pass the Civil Rights Act of 1964, a momentous achievement for civil rights activists. The next year, he passed the Voting Rights Act and in 1967, nominated Thurgood Marshall to the Supreme Court which would lead to an era of liberal court cases.
In politics, Johnson continued the policy of containment in Vietnam. Under the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, he initiated US involvement in the ground war in Vietnam. Although President Johnson sought to help the civil rights movement and aid the poor, the Vietnam War often impeded and delayed necessary reforms. Johnson tried to help, but because of US involvement in Vietnam, many of his goals failed to be met and many Americans were upset with him.
4.1968: Politics, Vietnam, Civil Rights
1968 was a turning point for National Politics and the Civil Rights movement. In 1968, support for the Vietnam war had fallen greatly particularly thanks to the Tet Offensive that revealed that Americans were making little progress in Vietnam. In the same year, presidential candidate Robert F. Kennedy was shot and killed and at the Democratic National Convention, there were confrontations between police and protestors. In the Election of 1968, Richard Nixon went primarily against Democrat Hubert Humphrey. Although they won around the same amount of the popular vote, Nixon won by more than 100 electoral votes and thus the election.
On April 4, 1968, Martin Luther King was shot in Memphis, Tennessee. Martin Luther King was a strong leader of the Civil Rights Movement who advocated nonviolent protest and initiated the successful Montgomery Bus Boycotts. Due to this death, riots across the nation sprung up causing millions of dollars of property damage, hundreds of deaths, and thousands of arrests. Although King would die from his injuries at around 7pm at St. Joseph's Hospital, his legacy would survive him and help pass the Civil Rights Act of 1968.
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